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还原电位

还原电位又称氧化还原电位(英语:Redox potential),指的是电活性物质发生电还原反应时的电极电位[1]。还原电位的单位是伏特或毫伏。每种电活性物质有其特定的还原电位,还原电位值越正,代表该物质具有更强的得电子能力,即氧化性。氧化还原电位也可以反映水的抗菌能力[2]

测量与解释

在水溶液中,还原电位衡量的是当引入新的物质时,溶液得到或失去电子的趋势。当溶液的还原电位比新物质高时,溶液有从新物质获得电子,即氧化新物质的趋势;当溶液的还原电位比新物质低时,溶液有失去电子给新物质,即被新物质氧化的趋势。由于绝对电极电位英语Absolute electrode potential的值几乎无法确定,一般通过将标准电极、惰性感应电极和溶液通过盐桥连接来确定各物质的电极电位。[3]

感应电极一般由铂制成,有时候也用石墨标准氢电极作为标准电极来决定所有电活性物质的标准还原电位。但这种电极容易损坏,不易用于实际测量。由于性质比较稳定,其它的标准电极如氯化银电极饱和甘汞电极也是常用的标准电极。

很多因素会影响到电活性物质的还原电位的测量,比如溶液温度、pH值、反应是否可逆、多氧化还原对、电极中毒、较小的交换电流和惰性氧化还原对等。于是,实验测量很少能与计算值吻合。不过还原电位的变化趋势是研究氧化还原反应的重要工具。

标准还原电位

标准还原电位()是在标准状况下测量的: 25摄氏度, 参加化学反应的各离子的活度都是1, 而每种气体的分压也均是1,金属均保持纯态。

能斯特方程

对于以下的半电池反应:

标准电极电位有以下表达

此处指的是标准吉布斯自由能变,n指的是电子的转移数,F法拉第常数

能斯特方程描述了pH和之间的关系:

[来源请求]

参考文献

  1. ^ 还原电位. 术语在线. 全国科学技术名词审定委员会事务中心. [2021-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-22). 
  2. ^ Trevor V. Suslow, 2004. Oxidation-Reduction Potential for Water Disinfection Monitoring, Control, and Documentation, University of California Davis, http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8149.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ vanLoon, Gary; Duffy, Stephen. Environmental Chemistry -(*Gary Wallace) a global perspective 3rd. Oxford University Press. 2011: 235–248. ISBN 978-0-19-922886-7. 
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还原电位
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