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盐桥

使用KNO3玻璃管型盐桥的电化电池

盐桥 (Salt bridge) 在化学上是指一种实验装置,用以连接贾凡尼电池(伏打电池,一种电化电池)的氧化半电池和还原半电池。盐桥通常分为两类:玻璃管型和滤纸型。

玻璃管型盐桥

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此型盐桥由U型管和填满管内的相对惰性电解质组成。电解质通常使用饱和氯化钾(KCl)或硝酸铵NH
4
NO
3
)。琼脂经常用以使电解质胶凝(gelification)。[1][2]

玻璃管型盐桥导电度大部分取决于电解质溶液的浓度。未饱和前增加浓度可增加导电度。过饱和的电解质和管径狭窄可能降低导电度。

玻璃管型盐桥的作用

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当电子自贾法尼电池(原电池)的一个半电池流向另一个,因为正负极会相应的积累相反的电荷,(注意不是由于正负离子扩散速度不同,造成电荷差异)。若未使用盐桥,此电荷差异将附加到电池的总体电动势上,从而降低电池电势。此电动势被称作液接电势。使用盐桥后,原本两半电池中电解质溶液的液相接界就变为盐桥与电解质溶液的接界。由于盐桥中离子活度很大,离子扩散以盐桥中的离子为主;又因为盐桥中两种离子的扩散速度相近,故液接电势得以减小,在一般精度要求下,可以认为消除了液接电势。[1]

滤纸型盐桥

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此型盐桥由浸润过适当电解质的滤纸组成。因为滤纸本身已提供可传导的固体介质,故不需要胶凝的媒介。

滤纸型盐桥导电度取决于多个因素:电解质溶液的浓度、滤纸的构造及滤纸的吸附能力。一般而言,滤纸结构愈平滑、吸附能力愈高,则导电度愈大。

置于两个半电池间的多孔碟或其它多孔障壁可以取代滤纸型盐桥,它们的用途基本相同——仅作为两半池之间导通媒介。

参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 杨永华 等. 《物理化学》. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2012. 
  2. ^ 藤岛昭 等. 《电化学测定方法》. 陈震 等译. 北京: 北京大学出版社. 1995. 
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盐桥
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