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赤霉素

一种赤霉素GA12的结构式

赤霉素(英语:gibberellin,简称为GA)也称徒长素激勃素吉贝素(因提取自赤霉菌而得名),是一种植物激素,主要由植物未成熟的种子、幼根及幼芽产生。其主要调节生长并影响各种发育过程,包括促进茎的伸长、发芽、复苏种子、开花、性别表现,抑制叶和果实的老化。[1] 到2020年为止已发现至少136种类似结构的赤霉素化学物。[1]赤霉素化学物用A1(GA1)到A136(GA136)的方式命名,数字依照发现的先后顺序。

发现的历史

  • 1926年,台湾总督府中央研究所农业部植物病理科技手的黑泽英一发现藤仓赤霉的培养液会导致水稻罹患水稻徒长病[1][2]
  • 1935年,薮田贞治郎分离出引起水稻徒长的赤霉菌的分泌物,并定名为“赤霉素”(Gibberellin,GA)。
  • 1938年,薮田、住木谕介将赤霉素纯化结晶出来。
  • 1951年,在豆科植物的未成熟种子萃取液中可检验出赤霉素的活性。
  • 1959年,赤霉素的化学结构被确定。

主要生理作用

  • 促进植物体的伸长生长
    • 促进遗传矮性植物(缺乏合成GA能力)长高,但不影响遗传性状
    • 水稻感染赤霉菌后会出现植株疯长的现象,称为恶苗病
  • 打破种子的休眠期,促进单子叶种子萌发,GA和脱落酸(ABA)的比例可决定种子萌芽或休眠(拮抗)
    • 种子泡水浸润后,胚产生GA
    • GA由胚芽以及子叶(盘)进入胚乳
    • GA输送到糊粉层促进淀粉水解酶 (amylase的合成)
    • 淀粉水解酶输入胚乳分解淀粉为葡萄糖
    • 葡萄糖输入胚,供其萌芽所需能量
  • 花芽形成,促进开花。若以GA处理莲座型高丽菜,将引发花茎生长并导致开花
  • 促进两性花的雄花形成,单性结果

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gibberellins: A Short History页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), from https://agrikaido.com/plant-hormones/页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), the home since 2003 of a website developed by the now-closed Long Ashton Research Station
  2. ^ Phytohormones (Plant Hormones) and other Growth Regulators: Gibberellin页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), from a University of Hamburg website

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赤霉素
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