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荷兰语Pacht台湾话pa̍k)为荷兰东印度公司台湾实行的特殊承包制度,意指将某项经营活动的独占权以拍卖出售,其他人不能侵犯承包商的权利[1]。独占权通常一年到期,得标时承包商须先缴纳一些预付款,余款等到期后才缴清。从广义上而言,贌即为课征不同形式的间接税,有时也叫税收承包制[2]

词源

荷兰文“Pacht”这一字起源于中古日耳曼地区借自拉丁文的“Pactum”或“Pactus”,意为领主与包税人对税额取得意见一致[3]。当时的汉人台湾话念为“pa̍k”(白话字),汉字写成“”。

类型

依据Pol Heyns的研究,贌可分为四种类型[4]

  • 独占收购权:承包商可以收购大员当局以什一税为名目所课征的实物,例如乌鱼鹿肉,再将购得的货物转手卖出,即可赚取价差。
  • 独占区域交易权(贌社):承包商可以独占指定区域内的交易活动,例如屠宰、贩卖猪只。其中最为著名系贌社,除了得标者以外,其他人都被禁止到原住民的村落内交易。
  • 独占征税权:承包商可以自行征收标得的税赋,例如米作什一税、通行税、人头税
  • 独占天然资源使用权:承包商可以独占土地、水域,或是依附其上的天然资源。例如大员当局自1636年起标售小琉球的经营权,后来也标出一些沿岸及内陆河湖的渔捞权。

参见

注释

  1. ^ Tonio Andrade原著,郑维中译,《福尔摩沙如何变成台湾府》台北:远流,页303
  2. ^ Pol Heyns原著,郑维中译,《荷兰时代台湾的经济·土地与税务》,台北:播种者文化,页149-150
  3. ^ 翁佳音,荷治时期的地方会议、贌社与王田页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ 《荷兰时代台湾的经济·土地与税务》,页149-182
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