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什一奉献

什一奉献(或什一税什一捐),常用于指犹太教基督宗教的宗教奉献,欧洲封建社会时代用来指教会向成年教徒征收的宗教税。

源于《圣经旧约》时代,其希伯来文原意是“十分之一”。在古代近东的国家,其中有迦南腓尼基阿拉伯等国都有什一奉献的习俗以维持崇拜及国家支出。[1]

沿革

据《圣经·创世记》记载,亚伯拉罕把所得的十分之一献给撒冷城的麦基洗德,这普遍被视为什一奉献之起源。直至摩西律法将其具体制度化地执行,以色列人将此献给上帝耶和华及支持利未支派的事奉工作。[2]在4世纪以前的基督教会并没有奉行什一奉献,信徒随自己意愿自由捐献。自罗马帝国将基督教纳为国教后,教会开始鼓吹征收。[3]在第六世纪以前,什一奉献又渐渐在天主教和西欧普及。及至公元567年和585年,什一奉献被提到的大公会议,并最终采纳为对教会奉献的必要标准。[3]

公元779年法兰克王国查理大帝订立法律实施什一税,西欧各国在10世纪中叶相继实行,视之为税金宗教改革运动之后,什一税制仍在天主教基督新教国家里继续执行。罗马教廷德意志地区的皇帝在1563年召开特伦多大公会议重申教徒必须缴付什一税。[3]随后欧洲国家政权与教会间发生矛盾,欧洲国家逐渐废除此税制,以其它的税收形式取替。时至现代,仍有一些基督教派引申《旧约圣经》,规定信徒实行什一奉献;另一些基督教派则鼓励信徒凭信心奉行什一奉献,以应付教会运作的财务需要和开支。

摩西律法下的什一奉献

根据摩西律法所载,以色列人的一切出产之十分之一都当归给上帝耶和华。十分之一与祭物要献在指定地方,祭司会将其作献祭及利未支派之酬劳,每三年用当年土产的十分之一来帮助社会内的有示弱细小众。相关的重点条例如下:

类似的中国的什一税

周朝,当时实行彻法,除了公田之外,另外农民还要将其所得的十分之一纳予国家[4],但这并非宗教税。在春秋战国时代之后,这种井田制度便逐渐不获采用。

伊斯兰中

在古代伊斯兰国家,耕作官地的农民需缴交收成1/10,名哈拉吉税英语Kharaj

参考文献

  1. ^ 当纳之十分之一页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),武林英雄帖
  2. ^ 《圣经·民数记》18:21,24 :“凡以色列中出产的十分之一、我已赐给利未的子孙为业、因他们所办的是会幕的事、所以赐给他们为酬他们的劳。……因为以色列人中出产的十分之一、就是献给耶和华为举祭的、我已赐给利未人为业、所以我对他们说、在以色列人中不可有产业。”
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 中国大百科智慧藏:什一税
  4. ^ 尚书大传》卷二:“王者十一而税,而颂声作矣”
  • Albright, W. F. and Mann, C. S. Matthew, The Anchor Bible, Vol. 26. Garden City, New York, 1971.
  • The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Vol. 4 "E." Chicago, 1958.
  • Fitzmyer, Joseph A. The Gospel According to Luke, X-XXIV, The Anchor Bible, Vol. 28A. New York, 1985.
  • Grena, G.M. LMLK--A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1. Redondo Beach, California: 4000 Years of Writing History. 2004. ISBN 0-9748786-0-X. 
  • Speiser, E. A. Genesis, The Anchor Bible, Vol.1. Garden City, New York, 1964.
  • Kelly, Russell Earl, "Should the Church Teach Tithing? A Theologian's Conclusions about a Taboo Doctrine," IUniverse, 2001.
  • Matthew E. Narramore, "Tithing: Low-Realm, Obsolete & Defunct" - April 2004 - (ISBN 0–9745587–02)
  • Croteau, David A. "You Mean I Don't Have to Tithe?: A Deconstruction of Tithing and a Reconstruction of Post-Tithe Giving" (McMaster Theological Studies)

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什一奉献
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