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豆科

豆科
化石时期:56–0 Ma
古新世现代[1]
山葛 Pueraria montana
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目: 豆目 Fabales
科: 豆科 Fabaceae
Lindl., 1836[2]
Leguminosae
Juss., 1789 nom. alt.
Papilionaceae
Giseke, 1792 nom. alt.[3]
模式属
蚕豆属
Faba
Mill., 1754(=Vicia L., 1753)
亚科[4]
多样性
730属,19,400种
The biomes occupied by Fabaceae
豆科成员分布图,主要分布于四类生物群系之中:热带雨林温带草原,以及沙地[5]
异名
列表
    • Caesalpiniaceae R.Br.
    • Cassiaceae Link
    • Ceratoniaceae Link
    • Detariaceae (DC.) Hess
    • Hedysareae (Hedysaraceae) Agardh英语Agardh
    • Lathyraceae Burnett
    • Lotaceae Burnett
    • Mimosaceae R.Br.
    • Phaseolaceae Ponce de León英语Patricio Ponce de León & Alvares
    • Robiniaceae Welw.
    • Swartziaceae (DC.) Bartl.

豆科学名Fabaceae替换名LeguminosaePapilionaceae[6])又名蝶形花科苏木科含羞草科,属于真双子叶植物豆目,约有80019,325[7]。为被子植物中相当庞大的一科,占了已知开花植物物种的7%[8][9]。部分物种在经济上具有重要地位,该科成员形态上包含乔木灌木,也有多年生一年生草本植物。该科成员最显著的特征是会结豆荚。成员具复叶及托叶。该科成员分布广泛,为目前已知陆生植物中第三大科,仅次于兰科菊科。目前该科已知有765属,约19,500余种[4]。其中最大的五属分别为黄芪属Astragalus,逾3,000种)、相思树属Acacia,逾1000种)、木蓝属Indigofera,约700种)、猪屎豆属Crotalaria,约700种)、含羞草属Mimosa,约500种),这五大属占了该科物种的四分之一。豆科也是非洲美洲热带雨林和沙漠气候中,最常见的科别[10][11][12][13]。系统分类学分析认为该科最接近同属于豆目远志科海人树科,以及皂皮树科[14]。中国大陆有172属,1485种,13亚种,153变种,16变型。台湾豆科自生及归化的有79属246种。

人类利用豆科植物已经有数千年的历史,且与人类演化具有密切关联[15]。豆科的作物包含大豆Glycine max)、菜豆Phaseolus )、豌豆Pisum sativum)等等。

语源

豆科的学名“Fabaceae”来自其模式属蚕豆属Vicia)(模式种救荒野豌豆 Vicia sativa L.)的异名“Faba”(模式种蚕豆 Vicia faba L.)。“Faba”于源自拉丁文,意指“豆”。“Leguminosae”是该科更早的学名,但并未以模式属的名字来命名,目前被视作仍然有效的保留名[6]

分类

本科可分为六个亚科[4]

描述

白叶肥皂荚英语Gymnocladus dioicus的果实

豆科成员形态多样,从乔木(如树王木英语Koompassia excelsa)到一年生草本植物皆有,其中最大宗者为多年生草本植物。花序多样,花朵有一短花托筒及单一雌蕊雌蕊柄英语gynophore短小。在受精后才会结果。

豆科与其它科区分的特点是其果实为本科独有的荚果,由一心皮发育而成,成熟时果皮沿背缝线和腹缝线开裂。

荚果通常由2片果瓣组成,1室,种子生在腹缝线上。荚果的形状、大小及荚瓣质地变化很大。如草木犀属,直径只有3-4毫米,而生长在热带中的鸭腱藤,木质荚果可长达1米。有些有翅,如老虎刺属的果顶端有一长圆形薄翅;紫檀荚果周围被一圈阔翅所绕;盾柱木属黄檀属荚果都具有翅。鱼鳔豆的膜质荚瓣,充气呈泡状,借风力传播;猪腰豆的木质荚瓣厚达2公分以上。苜蓿属猴耳环属的一些荚果呈螺旋状盘卷。阿勃勒的荚果像一根圆柱形的棒。相思子的荚果里面藏有半红半黑、鲜艳的种子,种皮坚硬有光泽。

豆科植物的一个重要特点是绝大部分在根系上具有共生根瘤菌,可以将大气中的固定到土壤中,从而提高土壤肥力

生态

豆科为虫媒,主要为蜜蜂传粉,少数靠蚂蚁蛾类甲虫等传粉。含羞草亚科苏木亚科的一些种类在叶柄、叶轴上带有花外蜜腺以吸引蚂蚁;金合欢属有些种类茎上有大、中空的刺,供蚂蚁停留;决明属植物有顶孔开裂的基著花药,适应蜜蜂摇动花药取花粉;苏木属植物花丝基部被毛,遮盖雌蕊和花托口部,避免自花授粉。

系统分类学

豆目各科的亲缘关系如下[16][17]

蔷薇目 Rosales

豆目 Fabales

远志科 Polygalaceae

海人树科 Surianaceae

皂皮树科 Quillajaceae

豆科 Fabaceae

豆科各亚科关系如下:

豆科 Fabaceae

紫荆亚科 Cercidoideae

甘豆亚科 Detarioideae

山姜豆亚科 Duparquetioideae

酸榄豆亚科 Dialioideae

苏木亚科 Caesalpinioideae

蝶形花亚科 Faboideae

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Wojciechowski, M. F.; Lavin, M.; Sanderson, M. J. A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many well-supported sub clades within the family. American Journal of Botany. 2004, 91 (11): 1846–62. PMID 21652332. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846. 
  2. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009, 161 (2): 105–121 [4 February 2014]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. (原始内容存档于2017-05-25). 
  3. ^ Watson L.; Dallwitz, M. J. The families of flowering plants: Leguminosae. 2007-06-01 [9 February 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-15). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Legume Phylogeny Working Group 2017. A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. Taxon 66(1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3
  5. ^ Schrire, B. D.; Lewis, G. P.; Lavin, M. Biogeography of the Leguminosae. Lewis, G; Schrire, G.; Mackinder, B.; Lock, M. (编). Legumes of the world. Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens. 2005: 21–54 [2021-01-22]. ISBN 978-1-900347-80-8. (原始内容存档于2014-02-02). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Article 18.5 states: "The following names, of long usage, are treated as validly published: ....Leguminosae (nom. alt.: Fabaceae; type: Faba Mill. [= Vicia L.]); ... When the Papilionaceae are regarded as a family distinct from the remainder of the Leguminosae, the name Papilionaceae is conserved against Leguminosae." English pronunciations are as follows: 英语 /fəˈbsi, -siˌ, -siˌ, -siˌi/; 英语 /ləˌɡjuːməˈnsi/; and 英语 /pəˌpɪliˈnsiˌi/.
  7. ^ ed. by Gwilym Lewis. Legumes of the world 1st ed. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2005: 1–577. ISBN 978-1900347808. 
  8. ^ Judd, W. S., Campbell, C. S. Kellogg, E. A. Stevens, P.F. Donoghue, M. J. (2002), Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach, Sinauer Axxoc, 287-292. ISBN 0-87893-403-0.
  9. ^ Magallón, S. A., and Sanderson, M. J.; Sanderson. Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades (PDF). Evolution. 2001, 55 (9): 1762–1780 [2018-03-10]. PMID 11681732. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-19). 
  10. ^ Burnham, R. J.; Johnson, K. R. South American palaeobotany and the origins of neotropical rainforests. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2004, 359 (1450): 1595–1610. PMC 1693437可免费查阅. PMID 15519975. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1531. 
  11. ^ Doyle, J. J., J. A. Chappill, C.D. Bailey, & T. Kajita. 2000. Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of legumes: evidence from rbcL sequences and non-molecular data. pp. 1 -20 in Advances in legume systematics, part 9, (P. S. Herendeen and A. Bruneau, eds.). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
  12. ^ Kajita, T.; Ohashi, H.; Tateishi, Y.; Bailey, C. D.; Doyle, J. J. rbcL and legume phylogeny, with particular reference to Phaseoleae, Millettieae, and allies. Systematic Botany. 2001, 26 (q): 515–536 [2018-03-10]. JSTOR 3093979. (原始内容存档于2017-05-17). 
  13. ^ Wojciechowski, M. F., M. Lavin and M. J. Sanderson; Lavin; Sanderson. A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many well-supported sub clades within the family. American Journal of Botany. 2004, 91 (11): 1846–1862 [2018-03-10]. PMID 21652332. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846. (原始内容存档于2010-06-21). 
  14. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [APG]. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2003, 141: 399–436 [2018-03-10]. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-03-10). 
  15. ^ Burkart, A. Leguminosas. In: Dimitri, M. 1987. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. Tomo I. Descripción de plantas cultivadas. Editorial ACME S.A.C.I., Buenos Aires. pages: 467-538.
  16. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161(2): 105-121.(英文)
  17. ^ Fabales. In Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since].

外部链接

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豆科
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