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萨马拉河之战

萨马拉河之战,是蒙古伏尔加保加利亚(保加尔汗国)于1223年在伏尔加河支流萨马拉河南部边境的交战,也是蒙古征战前期少数的败仗之一。除了阿拉伯历史学家伊本·艾西尔在距该事件约1,800公里(1,100英里)外的摩苏尔写的简短记录外,没有其他历史记载详述这段过程。

背景

当时蒙古军的哲别速不台是在迦勒迦河之战打败俄罗斯之后的回军途中,受命到伏尔加河寻找本应向那里推进的术赤军,并将其召回一同归返,但之后这项命令取消了,然而他们仍至伏尔加河西岸和迟来增援的术赤会合,此前他们在北征时就已经减少了伏尔加河西岸的保加尔人。

加布杜拉带领的保加尔人听闻蒙古军到来的消息,认为蒙古军会像对付俄罗斯人那样对其劫掠,因此便设下伏击包围并夹击蒙古军,将他们驱逐出其领地。然而从后续发展来看,对这支蒙古军的实力影响不大,有可能是小规模的冲突。

之后蒙古军继续前进,绕过乌拉尔击败那里的木剌夷部落,再往南移动击败了东部的库曼钦察康里等地。

后来经过了十四年后,蒙古人在第二次西征时将伏尔加保加利亚灭亡

后果

1229年,窝阔台汗派兵在乌拉尔河击败伏尔加保加利亚的边防部队,占领了乌拉尔河谷上游。

1232年,蒙古军征服巴什基尔的东南部,占领了伏尔加河南部。

1236年,速不台与拔都在进攻欧洲的西征时将伏尔加保加利亚的多数城市攻破,包括其首都比里阿耳在内,使其就此灭亡,之后成为金帐汗国一部分。

一些历史学家声称,如果不是因为伏尔加保加利亚从蒙古人第一次进攻起持续抵抗并削弱他们,那么蒙古人在第二次西征就有可能征服整个欧洲大陆。

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萨马拉河之战
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