线形文字B
| 线形文字B | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 类型 | （带有额外的表意符号） |
使用时期 | 青铜时代晚期 |
| 状态 | 灭亡 |
| 书写方向 | 从左至右  |
| 语言 | 迈锡尼希腊语 |
| 相关书写体系 | |
| 父体系 | 线形文字A（可能）
|
| 姊妹体系 | 塞浦路斯-米诺斯音节文字 |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Linb (401), Linear B |
| Unicode | |
| 别名 | Linear B |
| 范围 | U+10000–U+1007F 音节符号 U+10080–U+100FF 表意符号 |
线形文字B是希腊迈锡尼文明时期的一种音节文字。线形文字B出现于青铜时代晚期，早于希腊字母（约公元前15世纪）数个世纪，随着迈锡尼文明的衰落而消逝。写有线形文字B的泥板大部分发现于克诺索斯、科多尼亚、皮洛斯、底比斯、迈锡尼等地。后继的希腊黑暗时代，目前尚未发现线形文字B的实物。
1952年，迈克尔·文特里斯成功释读线形文字B。线形文字B主要在克里特岛和希腊本土南部地区使用，时间大约为公元前1500年-公元前1200年。 线形文字B似乎与更早的线形文字A有某种联系。
文字
[编辑]音节符号
[编辑]| 已经释读的文字符号(元音、辅音+元音) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -a | -e | -i | -o | -u | ||||||
𐀀 
|
a
|
𐀁 
|
e
|
𐀂 
|
i
|
𐀃 
|
o
|
𐀄 
|
u
| |
| d- | 𐀅 
|
da
|
𐀆 
|
de
|
𐀇 
|
di
|
𐀈 
|
do
|
𐀉 
|
du
|
| j- | 𐀊 
|
ja
|
𐀋 
|
je
|
𐀍 
|
jo
|
||||
| k- | 𐀏 
|
ka
|
𐀐 
|
ke
|
𐀑 
|
ki
|
𐀒 
|
ko
|
𐀓 
|
ku
|
| m- | 𐀔 
|
ma
|
𐀕 
|
me
|
𐀖 
|
mi
|
𐀗 
|
mo
|
𐀘 
|
mu
|
| n- | 𐀙 
|
na
|
𐀚 
|
ne
|
𐀛 
|
ni
|
𐀜 
|
no
|
𐀝 
|
nu
|
| p- | 𐀞 
|
pa
|
𐀟 
|
pe
|
𐀠 
|
pi
|
𐀡 
|
po
|
𐀢 
|
pu
|
| q- | 𐀣 
|
qa
|
𐀤 
|
qe
|
𐀥 
|
qi
|
𐀦 
|
qo
|
||
| r- | 𐀨 
|
ra
|
𐀩 
|
re
|
𐀪 
|
ri
|
𐀫 
|
ro
|
𐀬 
|
ru
|
| s- | 𐀭 
|
sa
|
𐀮 
|
se
|
𐀯 
|
si
|
𐀰 
|
so
|
𐀱 
|
su
|
| t- | 𐀲 
|
ta
|
𐀳 
|
te
|
𐀴 
|
ti
|
𐀵 
|
to
|
𐀶 
|
tu
|
| w- | 𐀷 
|
wa
|
𐀸 
|
we
|
𐀹 
|
wi
|
𐀺 
|
wo
|
||
| z- | 𐀼 
|
za
|
𐀽 
|
ze
|
𐀿 
|
zo
|
||||
特殊和未知符号
[编辑]| 特殊音值 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 字符 | 𐁀 
|
𐁁 
|
𐁂 
|
𐁃 
|
𐁄 
|
𐁅 
|
𐁇 
|
𐁆 
|
𐁈 
|
𐁉 
|
𐁊 
|
𐁋 
|
𐁌 
|
𐁍 
| |||||||||||||||
| 转写 | a2 (ha) | a3 (ai) | au | dwe | dwo | nwa | pte | pu2 (phu) | ra2 (rya) | ra3 (rai) | ro2 (ryo) | ta2 (tya) | twe | two | |||||||||||||||
| Bennett编码 | *25 | *43 | *85 | *71 | *90 | *48 | *62 | *29 | *76 | *33 | *68 | *66 | *87 | *91 | |||||||||||||||
| 未转写和未确定的音值 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 字符 | 𐁐 
|
𐁑 
|
𐁒 
|
𐁓 
|
𐁔 
|
𐁕 
|
𐁖 
|
𐁗 
|
𐁘 
|
𐀎 
|
𐁙 
|
𐁚 
|
𐁛 
|
𐁜 
|
𐁝 
| ||||||||||||||
| 转写 | *18 | *19 | *22 | *34 | *35 | *47 | *49 | pa3? | *63 | swi? | ju? | zu? | swa? | *83 | *86 | *89 | |||||||||||||
| Bennett编码 | *18 | *19 | *22 | *34 | *35 | *47 | *49 | *56 | *63 | *64 | *65 | *79 | *82 | *83 | *86 | *89 | |||||||||||||
表意符号
[编辑]| 字符 | 编码 | 贝内特编码 | CIPEM | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人和动物 | ||||
|
U+10080 | 100[1] A- | VIR vir |
人 |
|
U+10081 | 102 A- | MUL mulier |
女人 |
|
U+10082 | 104 Cn | CERV cervus |
鹿 |
| 𐂃 | U+10083 | 105 Ca S- | EQU equus |
马 |
| 𐂄 | U+10084 | 105 Ca | EQUf | 母马[2] |
| 𐂅 | U+10085 | 105 Ca | EQUm | 公马 |
| 𐀥 | U+10025 | 106 QI *21 |
OVIS ovis |
羊 |
| 𐀥 | WE *75 |
we-ka-ta Bous ergatēs |
"Adjunct to ox" (1973)[3] | |
| 𐂆 | U+10086 | 106b C- D- | 母羊f | EWE |
| 𐂇 | U+10087 | 106a C- D- | 绵羊m | RAM |
| 𐁒 | U+10052 | 107 RA *22 |
CAP capra |
山羊 |
| 𐂈 | U+10088 | 107b C- Mc | CAPf | 母山羊 |
| 𐂉 | U+10089 | 107a C- | CAPm | 公山羊 |
| 𐁂 | U+10042 | 108 AU *85 C- |
SUS sūs |
猪 |
| 𐂊 | U+1008A | 108b C- | SUSf | 母猪 |
| 𐂋 | U+1008B | 108a C- | SUSm | 公猪 |
| 𐀘 | U+10018 | 109 MU *23 C- |
BOS bōs |
牛 |
| 𐂌 | U+1008C | 109b C- | BOSf | 奶牛 |
| 𐂍 | U+1008D | 109a C- | BOSm | 公牛 |
| 度量单位 | ||||
| 110 | Z kotylai |
体积单位 杯[4] | ||
| 111 | V khoinikes |
体积单位 | ||
| 112 | T | 干量 | ||
| 113 | S | 液量单位 | ||
| 114 | 重量 | |||
| *21 | 重量 | |||
| *2 | 重量 | |||
| 115 | P | 重量 | ||
| 116 | N | 重量 | ||
| 117 | M dimnaion[5] |
重量 | ||
| 118 | L talanton |
TALENT | ||
| *72 G- | Bunch? | |||
| *74 S- | 双 | |||
| *15 S- | 单个 | |||
| *61 | Deficit | |||
| 按干物测量 | ||||
| 𐂎 | U+1008E | 120 E- F- | GRA grānum |
小麦 |
| 𐂏 | U+1008F | 121 F- | HORD hordeum |
大麦 |
| 𐂐 | U+10090 | 122 F- U- | OLIV olīva |
橄榄 |
| 𐀛 | U+1001B | NI *30 F |
FICUS | 无花果 |
| 𐀎 | U+1000E | *65 | FARINA | 面粉 "某种谷物"[6] |
| 𐂑 | U+10091 | 123 G- Un | AROM arōma |
佐料 |
| KO *70 G- |
芫荽 | |||
| 𐀭 | U+1002D | SA *31 G- |
芝麻 | |
| KU *81 G- |
孜然芹 | |||
| SE *9 G- |
芹菜 | |||
| MA *80 G- |
茴香 | |||
| 124 G- | PYC | 莎草 | ||
| 𐂒 | U+10092 | 125 F- | CYP | 莎草? |
| 126 F- | CYP+KU | 莎草+ku | ||
| 𐂓 | U+10093 | 127 Un | KAPO | 水果? |
| 𐂔 | U+10094 | 128 G- | KANAKO | 红花 |
| 按液体测量 | ||||
| 按重量 | ||||
| 按重量或按单位 | ||||
| 按单位计数 | ||||
| 容器[7] | ||||
| 𐃟 | U+100DF | 200 | sartāgo |
蒸煮锅 |
| 𐃠 | U+100E0 | 201 | TRI tripūs |
三足大锅 |
| 𐃡 | U+100E1 | 202 | pōculum |
GOBLET? |
| 𐃢 | U+100E2 | 203 | urceus |
酒罐? |
| 𐃣 | U+100E3 | 204 Ta | hirnea |
大口水壶 |
| 𐃤 | U+100E4 | 205 K Tn | hirnula |
水壶 |
| 𐃥 | U+100E5 | 206 | HYD hydria |
提水罐 |
| 𐃦 | U+100E6 | 207 | 三足双耳瓶 | |
| 𐃧 | U+100E7 | 208 | PAT patera |
碗 |
| 𐃨 | U+100E8 | 209 | AMPH amphora |
双耳瓶 |
| 𐃩 | U+100E9 | 210 | STIRRIP JAR | |
| 𐃪 | U+100EA | 211 | 水箱? | |
| 𐃫 | U+100EB | 212 | SIT situla |
水罐? |
| 𐃬 | U+100EC | 213 | LANX lanx |
烹饪碗 |
| 家具 | ||||
| 𐃄 | U+100C4 | 220 Ta | scamnum |
脚凳 |
| 𐃅 | U+100C5 | 225 | ALV alveus |
|
| 武器 | ||||
| 𐃆 | U+100C6 | 230 R | HAS hasta |
矛 |
| 𐃇 | U+100C7 | 231 R | SAG sagitta |
箭 |
| 𐃈 | U+100C8 | 232 Ta | *232 | ? |
| 𐃉 | U+100C9 | 233 Ra | 短剑 | |
| 𐃊 | U+100CA | 234 | GLA gladius |
弓 |
| 车辆 | ||||
| 𐃌 | U+100CC | 240 Sc | BIG biga |
轮式车 |
| 𐃍 | U+100CD | 241 Sd Se | CUR currus |
无轮车 |
| 𐃎 | U+100CE | 242 Sf Sg | CAPS capsus |
轮式车车架 |
| 𐃏 | U+100CF | 243 Sa So | ROTA rota |
车轮 |
线形文字B的Unicode编码
[编辑]Unicode4.0之后的为线形文字B提供了编码码位，其中音节符号码位为10000–1007F，表意符号码位为10080–100FF。
| 线形文字B音节符号 Unicode.org chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+1000x | 𐀀 | 𐀁 | 𐀂 | 𐀃 | 𐀄 | 𐀅 | 𐀆 | 𐀇 | 𐀈 | 𐀉 | 𐀊 | 𐀋 | 𐀍 | 𐀎 | 𐀏 | |
| U+1001x | 𐀐 | 𐀑 | 𐀒 | 𐀓 | 𐀔 | 𐀕 | 𐀖 | 𐀗 | 𐀘 | 𐀙 | 𐀚 | 𐀛 | 𐀜 | 𐀝 | 𐀞 | 𐀟 |
| U+1002x | 𐀠 | 𐀡 | 𐀢 | 𐀣 | 𐀤 | 𐀥 | 𐀦 | 𐀨 | 𐀩 | 𐀪 | 𐀫 | 𐀬 | 𐀭 | 𐀮 | 𐀯 | |
| U+1003x | 𐀰 | 𐀱 | 𐀲 | 𐀳 | 𐀴 | 𐀵 | 𐀶 | 𐀷 | 𐀸 | 𐀹 | 𐀺 | 𐀼 | 𐀽 | 𐀿 | ||
| U+1004x | 𐁀 | 𐁁 | 𐁂 | 𐁃 | 𐁄 | 𐁅 | 𐁆 | 𐁇 | 𐁈 | 𐁉 | 𐁊 | 𐁋 | 𐁌 | 𐁍 | ||
| U+1005x | 𐁐 | 𐁑 | 𐁒 | 𐁓 | 𐁔 | 𐁕 | 𐁖 | 𐁗 | 𐁘 | 𐁙 | 𐁚 | 𐁛 | 𐁜 | 𐁝 | ||
| U+1006x | ||||||||||||||||
| U+1007x | ||||||||||||||||
| 线形文字B表意符号 Unicode.org chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+1008x | 𐂀 | 𐂁 | 𐂂 | 𐂃 | 𐂄 | 𐂅 | 𐂆 | 𐂇 | 𐂈 | 𐂉 | 𐂊 | 𐂋 | 𐂌 | 𐂍 | 𐂎 | 𐂏 |
| U+1009x | 𐂐 | 𐂑 | 𐂒 | 𐂓 | 𐂔 | 𐂕 | 𐂖 | 𐂗 | 𐂘 | 𐂙 | 𐂚 | 𐂛 | 𐂜 | 𐂝 | 𐂞 | 𐂟 |
| U+100Ax | 𐂠 | 𐂡 | 𐂢 | 𐂣 | 𐂤 | 𐂥 | 𐂦 | 𐂧 | 𐂨 | 𐂩 | 𐂪 | 𐂫 | 𐂬 | 𐂭 | 𐂮 | 𐂯 |
| U+100Bx | 𐂰 | 𐂱 | 𐂲 | 𐂳 | 𐂴 | 𐂵 | 𐂶 | 𐂷 | 𐂸 | 𐂹 | 𐂺 | 𐂻 | 𐂼 | 𐂽 | 𐂾 | 𐂿 |
| U+100Cx | 𐃀 | 𐃁 | 𐃂 | 𐃃 | 𐃄 | 𐃅 | 𐃆 | 𐃇 | 𐃈 | 𐃉 | 𐃊 | 𐃋 | 𐃌 | 𐃍 | 𐃎 | 𐃏 |
| U+100Dx | 𐃐 | 𐃑 | 𐃒 | 𐃓 | 𐃔 | 𐃕 | 𐃖 | 𐃗 | 𐃘 | 𐃙 | 𐃚 | 𐃛 | 𐃜 | 𐃝 | 𐃞 | 𐃟 |
| U+100Ex | 𐃠 | 𐃡 | 𐃢 | 𐃣 | 𐃤 | 𐃥 | 𐃦 | 𐃧 | 𐃨 | 𐃩 | 𐃪 | 𐃫 | 𐃬 | 𐃭 | 𐃮 | 𐃯 |
| U+100Fx | 𐃰 | 𐃱 | 𐃲 | 𐃳 | 𐃴 | 𐃵 | 𐃶 | 𐃷 | 𐃸 | 𐃹 | 𐃺 | |||||
参见
[编辑]注释
[编辑]- ^ Ventris and Chadwick (1973) page 391: "100 MAN is now used for all forms of the ideogram, so that 101 and 103 are now suppressed."
- ^ Ventris & Chadwick either edition do not follow the Wingspread Convention here but have 105a as a HE-ASS and 105c as a FOAL.
- ^ The 1956 edition has "Kind of sheep"
- ^ Chadwick (1976) page 105.
- ^ "Double mina", Chadwick (1976) page 102.
- ^ Ventris & Chadwick (1973) page 392.
- ^ Ventris and Chadwick (1973) page 324 has a separate table.
参考文献
[编辑]- Carpenter, Rhys, (1957) "Linear B" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Phoenix, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Summer, 1957), pp. 47–62
- Chadwick, John. The Decipherment of Linear B. Second edition (1990). Cambridge UP. 1958 [2016-04-05]. ISBN 0-521-39830-4. （原始内容存档于2020-05-22）.
- Chadwick, John. The Mycenaean World. Cambridge UP. 1976. ISBN 0-521-29037-6.
- Chadwick, John. Linear B and Related Scripts; "Reading the Past". Third impression (1997). University of California Press/British Museum. 1987. ISBN 0-520-06019-9. has the Enkomi clay tablet, circa 1500 BCE., examples of Linear B tablets, and translated, the basic Linear B syllabary, the Cypriot syllabary and discussions thereof, and short sections on Linear A, and the Phaistos Disk.
- Fox, Margalit. The Riddle of the Labyrinth: The Quest to Crack an Ancient Code. Ecco. 2013. ISBN 978-0062228833.
- Levin, Saul. The Linear B Decipherment Controversy Re-examined. State University of New York Press. 1964. OCLC 288842.
- McDorman, Richard E. Language and the Ancient Greeks and On the Decipherment of Linear B (A Pair of Essays). 2010. ISBN 978-0-9839112-3-4.
- Palaima, Thomas G., "Unlocking the Secrets of Ancient Writing: The Parallel Lives of Michael Ventris and Linda Schele and the Decipherment of Mycenaean and Mayan Writing" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, University of Texas at Austin, Eleventh International Mycenological Colloquium, 2000.
- Robinson, Andrew. The Story of Writing. Paperback edition (1999). Thames and Hudson. 1995. ISBN 0-500-28156-4. Chapter 6, Linear B, pp 108–119: discusses Arthur Evans, his work, the Cypriot clues, the syllabary, Alice Kober, the "Grid", and a sample tablet transliterated, and translated into English.
- Robinson, Andrew The Man Who Deciphered Linear B: the story of Michael Ventris (2002) Thames & Hudson ISBN 0500510776
- Singh, Simon. The Code Book. Anchor. 2000. ISBN 0-385-49532-3. for a general outline of the Linear B deciphering story, from Schliemann to Chadwick.
- Ventris, Michael. Work notes on Minoan language research and other unedited papers. Edizioni dell'Ateneo 1988 Roma. 1988.
- Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John. Documents in Mycenaean Greek Second. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1973. ISBN 0-521-08558-6.
- Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1953) "Evidence for Greek Dialect in the Mycenaean Archives" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 73, (1953), pp. 84–103.
外部链接
[编辑]
查看维基词典中的词条“Category:Mycenaean Greek nouns”。
- Ager, Simon. Linear B. Omniglot. 1998–2009 [2009-01-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-28）.
- Clark, Curtis. TrueType Fonts: Ancient alphabets and mythic symbols: Linear B. Curtis Clark. 1992–1998 [2012-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-04）.
- Gavalas, Markos. MYCENAEAN (Linear B) - ENGLISH Dictionary (PDF). explorecrete.com. [2009-01-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-11-06）.
- 开放目录项目中的“线形文字B”
- Lo, Lawrence. Linear B. AncientScripts.com. 1996–2005 [2009-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-28）.
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