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椎骨

椎骨
Vertebra
典型的椎骨(上面观)
人体脊柱的一部分,在左侧后外侧视图中显示多个椎骨。
基本信息
属于脊柱
标识字符
拉丁文Vertebratus
TA98A02.2.01.001
TA21011
FMAFMA:9914
格雷氏p.96
骨骼解剖学术语英语Anatomical terms of bone

椎骨(英语:vertebra)又称脊椎骨[1]脊椎[2][3],是负责组成脊椎动物脊柱的不规则骨,是构成中轴骨核心的主要骨骼结构构件,同时也是成年后主要的造血组织。典型椎骨包括椎体、椎弓、棘突和横突、关节突等部分。

依动物种类不同,椎骨可为硬骨软骨哺乳动物则根据椎骨所在部位不同分为颈椎胸椎腰椎荐椎尾椎[4]

结构

脊椎骨的侧面图

椎骨的承重主体是前半部分的椎体(vertebral body或centrum),椎体中央有松质骨骨髓负责造血[5]。相邻的椎体之间由椎间盘相连,有着一定的侧向弯曲和扭曲的活动范围[6],由通过椎体终板(end plate)软骨扩散出的体液进行滋养[7]。椎骨的后半部分由椎弓(vertebral arch)组成,椎弓内侧围出的空隙是椎孔(vertebral foramen),由一系列椎孔排列支撑组成的体腔是负责包裹保护脊髓椎管(spinal canal),因此椎弓在临床医学上有时也称神经弓(neural arch)[8]

相邻的椎弓之间会由左右一对小面关节(facet joint,也称zygapophysial joint)相连,将椎弓分为腹侧的弓根(pedicle)和背侧的弓板(lamina)两部分[9]。脊索每一节的脊神经背根神经节会从弓根下方的椎间孔(intervertebral foramen)中穿过,随后分岔为腹枝(ventral ramus)和背枝(dorsal ramus)去分别支配脊柱前后侧的器官组织。同时,小面关节是典型的平面关节,其排列方向决定了两个椎骨之间的活动方向,比如胸椎骨的小面关节沿着冠状面排列,这使得胸椎可以沿着纵轴产生一定左右转动,但却无法进行前后弯曲活动;而腰椎骨的小面关节沿着矢状面排列,这使得腰椎可以前后弯曲,但无法进行左右转动。

椎体前后分别附着前纵韧带(anterior longitudinal ligament)和后纵韧带(posterior longitudinal ligament)来协助固定整个脊柱,而椎弓后半部(弓板)内侧则由富含弹性纤维的黄韧带(ligamentum flavum)附着。这些韧带的可以让脊柱在拥有一定活动范围的情况下维持形态稳定,特别是后纵韧带,其强度和健康程度是抵御椎间盘突出的关键。

椎弓两侧和背侧共有三个狭长向外的凸起,既左右横突(transverse process)和背侧的棘突(spinous process),这些突起可以为核心肌群肋骨提供附着面。

另见

参考资料

  1. ^ 存档副本. [2022-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-09). 
  2. ^ 存档副本. [2022-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-09). 
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2022-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-24). 
  4. ^ McGraw-Hill Science and Technology[需要完整来源]
  5. ^ Gdyczynski, C.M.; Manbachi, A.; et al. On estimating the directionality distribution in pedicle trabecular bone from micro-CT images. Physiological Measurement. 2014, 35 (12): 2415–2428. Bibcode:2014PhyM...35.2415G. PMID 25391037. S2CID 206078730. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/35/12/2415. 
  6. ^ O'Rahilly, Müller, Carpenter & Swenson. Chapter 39: The vertebral column. Basic Human Anatomy. www.dartmouth.edu. [2023-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-01) (英语). 
  7. ^ Muller-Gerbl, M; et al. The distribution of mineral density in the cervical vertebral endplates. Eur Spine J. Mar 2008, 17 (3): 432–438. PMC 2270387可免费查阅. PMID 18193299. doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0601-5. 
  8. ^ Dorland's. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary 32nd. Elsevier Saunders. 2012: 329. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8. 
  9. ^ Taylor, Tim. Lumbar Vertebrae. InnerBody. [May 7, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-09) (英语). 
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椎骨
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