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示巴高地

显示了示巴高地与其他区边界的火星轨道器激光高度计地图

示巴高地(Terra Sabaea)是火星上一处幅员辽阔的大区域,最宽处达到4700 公里(2900英里),其中心坐标位于2°N 42°E / 2°N 42°E / 2; 42处,其名称自火星上一处经典反照率特征,1979年,被国际天文联合会正式批准接受。沙巴高地相当大,部分横跨了阿拉伯区大瑟提斯区雅庇吉亚区伊斯墨诺斯湖区示巴湾区等五大区域。  

冰川

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有些景观看上去就像地球上从山谷中流出的冰川,部分呈现出空荡荡的外观,就像所有的冰都已消失,只剩下了冰碛—冰川携带的泥土和碎屑。由于大部分冰已消失,使得中间被掏空[1]。这些假想的高山冰川被称为类冰川形态(GLF)或类冰川流(GLF)[2]。类冰川形态是一条出现较晚的术语,可能更准确,因为无法确定该结构目前是否还在移动[3] 。有时在文献中看到的另一条更通用的术语称之为粘性流特征[3]

表面上的各种其他特征也被解释为与流动冰直接相关,例如锐蚀地形[4]线状谷底沉积[5][6]同心坑沉积[7][8] 以及皱岭[9],在中纬度和极地区图像中看到的各种表面纹理也被认为与冰川中的冰升华有关[8][10]

下面的图片显示了一些被认为是冰川的特征,其中有一些可能仍含有冰,而在其他地区,冰可能已基本消失了。由于在仅数米厚的碎屑下就可能有水冰,因此,这些地方可为未来定居者提供水源。

沙丘

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当有稳定的风向和足够多的沙子时,就会产生出完美的沙丘条件,形成一座新月沙丘。新月沙丘的迎风侧一般为缓坡,而背风侧则是更陡峭的斜坡,那里经常会形成沙堆角或凹口[11],整片沙丘似乎随风而动。观察火星上的沙丘可告诉我们那里的风向及风力强度。如果定期拍摄照片,则可能会看到沙丘的变化或沙丘表面的涟漪。火星上的沙丘通常呈深色,因为它们是由普通的火山玄武岩所形成。在干燥环境下,玄武岩中的深色矿物,如橄榄石辉石,不会像在地球上那样会分解。虽然不常见,但在夏威夷也发现了一些黑色的沙子,那里也有许多火山都喷出玄武岩。新月沙丘是一条俄罗斯术语,因为这种类型的沙丘最早出现在突厥斯坦的沙漠地区[12]。火星上的一些风是在春季两极干冰被加热时产生的,那时固态的二氧化碳(干冰)升华或直接变成气体并高速冲走。 火星每年大气层中有30% 的二氧化碳会冻结并覆盖在处于冬季的极地,因此极有可能出现强风[13]。在示巴高地部分地区出现的沙丘如下图所示。

示巴高地的侵蚀特征

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同心坑沉积是一种地貌,其中撞击坑内大部分地表都覆盖着大量的平行山脊 [14],一般在火星中纬度地区较为常见[15][16],普遍认为这是由冰川运动所引起[17][18]

陨石坑中的岩层

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斜坡上的岩层,尤其是陨石坑坡壁上的岩层,被认为是一种曾广泛分布的物质残迹,访物质大部分已经被侵蚀掉了[19]

岩层

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火星上的许多地方都有分层重叠的岩石,岩石可通过火山、风或水等多种作用方式形成岩层[20],地下水也可能参与了某些地方地层的形成。

线性脊状网

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线性脊状网在火星各地的陨石坑内外都能找到[21],这些突脊通常以格子状相交的直线形式出现,它们长数百米,高几十米,宽数米。据认为,撞击会在地表形成裂缝,这些裂缝后来又充当了流体通道,液体使这些结构胶结凝固。随着时间的推移,周围的材料被侵蚀掉,从而留下坚硬的突脊。 由于山脊出现在有粘土的地方,这些地层可以作为粘土的标志,而粘土的形成需要水[22][23][24],这里的水可能提供了支撑。

其它特征

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火星交互地图

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Map of Mars阿刻戎堑沟群阿西达利亚平原阿尔巴山亚马逊平原阿俄尼亚高地阿拉伯高地阿耳卡狄亚平原阿耳古瑞高原阿耳古瑞平原克律塞平原克拉里塔斯槽沟塞东尼亚区桌山代达利亚高原埃律西昂山埃律西昂平原盖尔撞击坑哈德里亚卡火山口希腊山脉希腊平原赫斯珀利亚高原霍顿撞击坑伊卡利亚高原伊希斯平原耶泽罗撞击坑罗蒙诺索夫撞击坑卢库斯高原吕科斯沟脊地李奥撞击坑卢娜高原马莱阿高原马拉尔迪陨击坑玛莱奥提斯堑沟群Mareotis Tempe珍珠高地米氏陨击坑米兰科维奇撞击坑内彭西斯桌山群涅瑞达山脉尼罗瑟提斯桌山群诺亚高地奥林波斯槽沟群奥林帕斯山南极高原普罗米修高地普罗敦尼勒斯桌山群塞壬高地西绪福斯高原太阳高原叙利亚高原坦塔罗斯槽沟群滕比高地辛梅利亚高地示巴高地塞壬高地塔尔西斯山群特拉克图斯坑链第勒纳高地尤利西斯山乌拉纽斯火山口乌托邦平原水手谷北方大平原克珊忒高地
The image above contains clickable links 火星全球地形交互式图像地图。将鼠标悬停在图像上可查看 60 多个著名地理特征的名称,单击可链接到它们。图底颜色表示相对高度,根据来自美国宇航局火星全球探勘者号火星轨道器激光高度计的数据。白色和棕色表示海拔最高(+12 至 +8 公里);其次是粉红和红色(+8 至 +3 公里);黄色为 0 公里;绿色和蓝色是较低的高度(低至 -8 公里)。轴线纬度极地已备注。

另请查阅

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参引文献

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  1. ^ Milliken, R., J. Mustard, D. Goldsby.  2003.  Viscous flow features on the surface of Mars: Observations from high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images. J. Geophys. Res. 108. doi:10.1029/2002JE002005.
  2. ^ Arfstrom, J and W. Hartmann.  2005.  Martian flow features, moraine-like ridges, and gullies:  Terrestrial analogs and interrelationships.  Icarus 174, 321-335.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Hubbard B., R. Milliken, J. Kargel, A. Limaye, C. Souness.  2011.  Geomorphological characterisation and interpretation of a mid-latitude glacier-like form: Hellas Planitia, Mars Icarus 211, 330–346
  4. ^ Lucchitta, Baerbel K. "Ice and debris in the fretted terrain, Mars." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978–2012) 89.S02 (1984): B409-B418.
  5. ^ G.A. Morgan, J.W. Head, D.R. Marchant Lineated valley fill (LVF) and lobate debris aprons (LDA) in the Deuteronilus Mensae northern dichotomy boundary region, Mars: Constraints on the extent, age and episodicity of Amazonian glacial events Icarus, 202 (2009), pp. 22–38
  6. ^ D.M.H. Baker, J.W. Head, D.R. Marchant Flow patterns of lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill north of Ismeniae Fossae, Mars: Evidence for extensive mid-latitude glaciation in the Late Amazonian Icarus, 207 (2010), pp. 186–209
  7. ^ Milliken, R. E., J. F. Mustard, and D. L. Goldsby. "Viscous flow features on the surface of Mars: Observations from high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images." Journal of Geophysical Research 108.E6 (2003): 5057.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Levy, Joseph S., James W. Head, and David R. Marchant. "Concentric crater fill in Utopia Planitia: History and interaction between glacial “brain terrain” and periglacial mantle processes." Icarus 202.2 (2009): 462-476. Levy, Joseph S., James W. Head, and David R. Marchant. "Concentric crater fill in Utopia Planitia: History and interaction between glacial “brain terrain” and periglacial mantle processes." Icarus 202.2 (2009): 462-476.
  9. ^ J. Arfstrom, W.K. Hartmann Martian flow features, moraine-like ridges, and gullies: Terrestrial analogs and interrelationships Icarus, 174 (2005), pp. 321–335
  10. ^ Hubbard, Bryn, et al. "Geomorphological characterisation and interpretation of a mid-latitude glacier-like form: Hellas Planitia, Mars." Icarus 211.1 (2011): 330-346.
  11. ^ Pye, Kenneth; Haim Tsoar. Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes. Springer. 2008: 138. ISBN 9783540859109. 
  12. ^ Barchan - sand dune. britannica.com. [4 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-30). 
  13. ^ Mellon, J. T.; Feldman, W. C.; Prettyman, T. H. The presence and stability of ground ice in the southern hemisphere of Mars. Icarus. 2003, 169 (2): 324–340. Bibcode:2004Icar..169..324M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.022. 
  14. ^ 存档副本. [2021-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-01). 
  15. ^ Dickson, J. et al. 2009. Kilometer-thick ice accumulation and glaciation in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: Evidence for crater-filling events in the Late Amazonian at the Phlegra Montes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
  16. ^ HiRISE - Concentric Crater Fill in the Northern Plains (PSP_001926_2185). hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. [4 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-01). 
  17. ^ Head, J. et al. 2006. Extensive valley glacier deposits in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: Evidence for late Amazonian obliquity-driven climate change. Earth Planet. Sci Lett: 241. 663-671.
  18. ^ Levy, J. et al. 2007.
  19. ^ Carr, M. 2001. Mars Global Surveyor observations of martian fretted terrain. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23571-23593.
  20. ^ HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment. Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750. [2012-08-04]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-08). 
  21. ^ Head, J., J. Mustard. 2006. Breccia dikes and crater-related faults in impact craters on Mars: Erosion and exposure on the floor of a crater 75 km in diameter at the dichotomy boundary, Meteorit. Planet Science: 41, 1675-1690.
  22. ^ Mangold et al. 2007. Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 2. Aqueous alteration of the crust. J. Geophys. Res., 112, doi:10.1029/2006JE002835.
  23. ^ Mustard et al., 2007. Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 1. Ancient impact melt in the Isidis Basin and implications for the transition from the Noachian to Hesperian, J. Geophys. Res., 112.
  24. ^ Mustard et al., 2009. Composition, Morphology, and Stratigraphy of Noachian Crust around the Isidis Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 114, doi:10.1029/2009JE003349.

阅读推荐

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  • Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.
  • Lorenz, R. 2014. The Dune Whisperers. The Planetary Report: 34, 1, 8-14
  • Lorenz, R., J. Zimbelman. 2014. Dune Worlds: How Windblown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes. Springer Praxis Books / Geophysical Sciences.

外部链接

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示巴高地
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