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矮造父变星

盾牌座δ型变星(有时称为矮造父变星)是年轻脉动星英语Stellar pulsation的子类。这种变星和经典造父变星都是重要的标准烛光,并且曾经用来测量与建立大麦哲伦星系球状星团疏散星团银河中心的距离[1][2][3][4]。这种变星在某些频道中遵循周光关系,是像造父变星一样的标准烛光[3][4][5][6]。能在球状星团中发现的凤凰座SX型变星也遵循周光关系,通常被认为是包含老恒星的盾牌座δ型变星的子类。[3][6]。最近在主序带上找到的快速振荡Ap星也被认为是盾牌座δ型变星的子类[7]。盾牌座δ型变星的最后一个子类是主序前(pre-main sequence,PMS)。

光学重力透镜实验(OGLE)和晕族大质量致密天体(MACHO)的调查中,在大麦哲伦星系检测到将近3,000颗的盾牌座δ型变星[5][8]。周期只有几个小时,在V的典型亮度波动在0.003至0.9星等,然而振幅周期的波动可能很大。这类变星的恒星分类通常是A0到F5的巨星主序星。高振幅的盾牌座δ型变星也称为船帆座AI型变星.。在银河系中,盾牌座δ型变星是仅次于白矮星,丰度第二多的变星。

盾牌座δ型变星同时表现出径向和非径向的光度脉动。非径向脉动是表面有些部分向内移动,同时有些部分向外移动时。径向脉动是一个特例,当恒星通过改变半径来保持球型,而围绕着平衡状态膨胀和收缩。这种变化是由恒星通过艾丁顿阀门或Κ机制膨胀或缩小。恒星有富含的大气层,当氦被加热时,它的电离性提高,会变得较不透明。因此,在周期中最暗的时候,是大气层中具有高度遮光的电离氦,阻止了部分光线逸出。来自这些阻塞光的能量使氦变热、膨胀、电离,反而变得较透明,于是有更多的光线通过。随着恒星的光变亮、膨胀,氦开始冷却。因此,氦收缩和再次增温,周期性的过程继续进行。当它们位于经典造父变星的不稳定带时,盾牌座δ型变星的一生都表现出脉动。然后,它们从主序带移动到巨星支。

这些类型变星的原型是天弁二(盾牌座δ),它的亮度波动从视星等+4.60到+4.79,周期为4.65小时。其它众所周知的盾牌座δ型变星包括河鼓二(天鹰座α)、五帝座一(狮子座β)、王良一(仙后座β)。织女星(天琴座α)疑似盾牌座δ型变星[9],但尚未得到证实。

船帆座AI型变星

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船帆座AI型变星是一种光变振幅大于0.15星等的振幅、具有非对称光曲线[10]的矮造父变星。其原型为船帆座AI英语AI Velorum

例子

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名称 星座 发现 视星等(极大值)[11] 视星等(极小值)[11] 星等范围 周期 光谱类型 注解'
招摇
(牧夫座γ)
牧夫座 3m.02 3m.07 0.05 6.96 h A7III
螣蛇九
(仙王座ε)
仙王座 4m.15 4m.21 0.06 0.98 h F0IV
天弁二
(盾牌座δ)
盾牌座 4m.6 4m.79 0.19 4.65 h F2 IIIp 原型

其它的例子包括:南极王良一(仙后座β)

参考资料

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  1. ^ McNamara, D. H.; Madsen, J. B.; Barnes, J.; Ericksen, B. F. The Distance to the Galactic Center. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 2000, 112 (768): 202. Bibcode:2000PASP..112..202M. doi:10.1086/316512可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ McNamara, D. Harold; Clementini, Gisella; Marconi, Marcella. A δ Scuti Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Astronomical Journal. 2007, 133 (6): 2752. Bibcode:2007AJ....133.2752M. arXiv:astro-ph/0702107可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/513717. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D. G.; Lane, D. J.; Henden, A. A.; Krajci, T. Anchoring the Universal Distance Scale Via a Wesenheit Template. Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (Jaavso). 2011, 39 (1): 122. Bibcode:2011JAVSO..39..122M. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Majaess, Daniel J.; Turner, David G.; Lane, David J.; Krajci, Tom. Deep Infrared ZAMS Fits to Benchmark Open Clusters Hosting delta Scuti Stars. Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (Jaavso). 2011, 39 (2): 219. Bibcode:2011JAVSO..39..219M. arXiv:1102.1705可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Poleski, R.; Soszyński, I.; Udalski, A.; Szymański, M. K.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzyński, G.; Wyrzykowski, Ł.; Szewczyk, O.; Ulaczyk, K. The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. The OGLE-III Catalog of Variable Stars. VI. Delta Scuti Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Acta Astronomica. 2010, 60 (1): 1. Bibcode:2010AcA....60....1P. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Cohen, Roger E.; Sarajedini, Ata. SX Phoenicis period-luminosity relations and the blue straggler connection. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2012, 419 (1): 342. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.419..342C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19697.x可免费查阅. 
  7. ^ Kopacki, G.; Kołaczkowski, Z.; Pigulski, A. Variable stars in the globular cluster M 13. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2003, 398: 541–550. Bibcode:2003A&A...398..541K. arXiv:astro-ph/0211042可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021624. 
  8. ^ Garg, A.; Cook, K. H.; Nikolaev, S.; Huber, M. E.; Rest, A.; Becker, A. C.; Challis, P.; Clocchiatti, A.; Miknaitis, G.; Minniti, D.; Morelli, L.; Olsen, K.; Prieto, J. L.; Suntzeff, N. B.; Welch, D. L.; Wood-Vasey, W. M. High-amplitude δ-Scutis in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Astronomical Journal. 2010, 140 (2): 328. Bibcode:2010AJ....140..328G. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/2/328. hdl:1969.1/181688可免费查阅. 
  9. ^ I.A., Vasil'yev; et al, On the Variability of Vega, Commission 27 of the I.A.U, 1989-03-17 [2007-10-30], (原始内容存档于2012-01-25) 
  10. ^ van Hoof, A. Photographic photometry of AI Velorum on Johannesburg plates. Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands. 1937-06-01, 8. ISSN 0365-8910. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 (visual magnitude, unless marked (B) (= blue) or (p) (= photographic))
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矮造父变星
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