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甜味

餐后甜点草莓蛋糕

甜味是一种味觉。在全球众多文化中,甜味都象征着美好的感觉;此外,所有的人类文化都偏好甜味的食物,对甜食的偏好,是普世人性[1]

甜味的物质

许多化合物是甜的,在生化物质中简单的碳水化合物都有些甜味,蔗糖是典型的甜味物质,而果糖更甜。许多植物会产生糖苷(配糖体,glycoside)比糖要甜很多,例如甘草皂苷甜菊苷;此外,有些蛋白质也具有甜味,例如索马甜溶菌酶

各种甜味剂[2][3]
名称 类型 甜度
乳糖 双糖 0.16
麦芽糖 双糖 0.32-0.6
葡萄糖 单糖 0.75
蔗糖 双糖 1.00(基准)
果糖 单糖 1.75
甜蜜素 磺酰胺 26
阿斯巴甜 羧酸酯 250
糖精 酰胺化合物 510

甜味的产生

一般认为产生甜味必须具有两个因素:一个是甜味物质的化学结构。例如对单糖来说,甜味来源于单糖结构中羟基的数目。只有1个羟基是不甜的,3个以上就略有甜味,羟基愈多则愈甜。葡萄糖、果糖都有5个以上的羟基,但是也有特例。另一个因素是人和动物舌头上的甜味接受器官。人的舌头上密密麻麻地布满50万个味觉细胞,分布在约2平方厘米的舌头上,每10-50个味觉细胞义组成花蕊状的味蕾,味觉感受器就长在味蕾的尖端小孔内。当甜味物质溶在唾液中接触味蕾的感受器时就产生脉冲,由神经传导到大脑,这个过程在1.4毫秒内完成,比视觉还快10倍。大脑得到甜味信号人才能产生甜味的感觉。人和猩猩、猴子、老鼠等动物舌上有甜味接受器,所以有甜味感觉。而像鲸鱼、鸡、猪等动物的舌,没有甜味接受器,所以,即使给它们喂最甜的食物,它们也感觉不到甜味。甜味产生的更深一层原理,人类目前还在探索之中。

参考文献

  1. ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2019-05-17]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-10). 
  2. ^ John McMurry. Organic Chemistry 4th edition. Brooks/Cole. 1998: 468. 
  3. ^ Susan S. Schiffman; Kernon M. Gibes. Synergism among Ternary Mixtures of Fourteen Sweeteners. Chemical Senses. 2000, 25 (2): 131–140 [2007-09-02]. ISSN 1464-3553. (原始内容存档于2008-12-02). 
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甜味
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