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羟基

有机羟基基团(-OH,红色和灰色球体),其中R表示烃基或其它有机基团,红色和灰色球体分别表示氧原子和氢原子,以及和它们之间的杆状的连接(共价键)。

qiǎng[1](英语:hydroxy/hydroxyl(group))又称氢氧基,化学式-OH,是氧原子以共价键与氢原子连接的化学基团,有时也称醇官能团,是常见极性基团

但根据IUPAC定义,hydroxy与hydroxyl意义并不同:术语hydroxyl仅指羟自由基(hydroxyl radical,·OH);而官能团-OH才称作hydroxy group,即羟基。

羟基团以共价键结合羰基(氧=碳)的碳原子产生羧基(–C(=O)OH[2]),就是限定基团的羧酸

存在

无机物,有羟基的通常为有氧酸或其酸式盐

带羧基物质溶于会电离出氢离子,水溶液多偏[注 1]

有机物

在有机化学系统命名,简单烃基后跟着羟基的称作[注 2],而类多为多羟基

羟基直接连在芳烃环的称作

氢氧根的区别

在很多情况,示性式的羟基和氢氧根写法相同,两者很易混淆。

虽然氢氧根和羟基均为原子团,但羟基为官能团;而氢氧根为离子,每羟基有9摩电子;而每摩氢氧根有10摩电子,而且有氢氧根的物质在水溶液呈性,而有羟基的物质在水溶液则多偏酸。

氢氧根和羟基在有机化学都亲核

字源

“羟”字形由“”和“”下半部组合而成,字音则是由“氢”的声母溪母和“氧”的韵母养韵反切组合而成。

参看

注释

  1. ^ 虽然呈偏酸性,但很多含羧基有机物的水溶液酸性比水更弱。
  2. ^ 甲醇CH3OH)、乙醇CH3CH2OH)等。

参考资料

  1. ^ 國立編譯館《化學命名原則》第四版〈附錄一 化學名詞用字之讀音〉. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2018-04-15). 
  2. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "carboxylic acids". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C00852

外部链接

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羟基
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