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沃尔夫-凯惜纳-黄鸣龙还原反应

沃尔夫-凯惜纳-黄鸣龙还原反应Wolff-Kishner-Huang还原反应)是一个有机还原反应羰基化合物)在高沸点溶剂如一缩二乙二醇中与氢氧化钾一起加热反应,羰基还原为亚甲基[1][2]

沃尔夫-凯惜纳-黄鸣龙还原反应
沃尔夫-凯惜纳-黄鸣龙还原反应


原来的反应过程是用醛酮、肼与金属在高温加压或封管中进行,而后黄鸣龙将方法作了改进,[3][4]用高沸点溶剂代替封管,碱金属单质也被其他碱(如甲醇钠)所替代,使得反应的操作变得更加方便。[5]该反应的综述参见:[6][7]

反应机理

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反应的可能机理如下:

WKH还原反应的机理
WKH还原反应的机理

首先与羰基缩合生成,然后作用下氮上的质子脱去,双键位移,氮气离去,生成的碳负离子从水中夺取质子。氮气离去一步在热力学上推动了反应进行。

黄鸣龙改进法发现的故事

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哈佛大学化学系费塞(Louise Fieser)教授在Topics in Organic Chemistry[8]书中提到过此改进方法的发现经过:

此改进纯属偶然。黄鸣龙当时从中央研究院跑美国做访问学者,跟随费塞做研究。费塞让黄做一个Wolff-Kishner实验, 黄开始反应后临时有事去纽约,临行前让隔壁一个黎巴嫩籍的同学帮忙照看反应。黄走后数日,处在回流中的烧瓶软木塞逐渐松动,开了个口子。黎巴嫩同学因为只答应照看反应,从而没有帮忙把软木塞扶正。其结果是反应物中的肼和生成的水全跑光了。黄回来一看非常意外,但很快他发现产率很高。在他给费塞的实验报告上写道:反应未正常完成,但产率很好。于是黄鸣龙改进法就这样被发现了。这个改进的意义在于使所需时间从50个小时缩短至3小时,产率从40%提高到90%,论文发表以后迅速成为标准方法。

黄的改进之处在于令水和过剩的肼蒸发掉,然后反应混合物可以顺利地升温到所需的温度。而反应使用的乙二醇并不是黄的独创,而是Soffer的发明的[8]

参考资料

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  1. ^ Nicolai Kishner J. Russ. Chem. Soc. 1911, 43, 582.
  2. ^ Ludwig Wolff. Chemischen Institut der Universität Jena: Methode zum Ersatz des Sauerstoffatoms der Ketone und Aldehyde durch Wasserstoff. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 1912, 394 (1): 86–108. doi:10.1002/jlac.19123940107. 
  3. ^ Huang-Minlon J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 2487.
  4. ^ Huang-Minlon J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 3301.
  5. ^ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p.510 (1963); Vol. 38, p.34 (1958). (Article页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
  6. ^ Todd, D. Org. React. 1948, 4, 378. (Review)
  7. ^ Hutchins, R. O.; Hutchins, M. K. Comp. Org. Syn. 1991, 8, 327-343. (Review)
  8. ^ 韩广甸,马兆扬.黄鸣龙还原法[J].有机化学,2009,29(7):1001-1017.

参见

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沃尔夫-凯惜纳-黄鸣龙还原反应
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