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池塘

一个池塘

池塘又称池溏水塘水溏,也有地方方言称为地塘埤塘陂塘,指由洼地形成、比湖泊小的淡水水体。界定池塘和湖泊的方法颇有争议性,一般而言,池塘是面积较小、水深较浅的水体,不需使用船只而多采竹筏渡过;另一个定义则是可以让人在不被淹没头顶的情况下安全涉渡,或者水浅得能让阳光能够直达塘底。

池塘除了径流泉水和少数间歇性溪流以外通常没有明显的天然入水口,主要是依靠天然的降水地下水渗出或以人工引水方法(比如引水道水泵伏流钻井导水)补充池内的水量。池塘也没有真正意义上的地表出水口,水只能以蒸发、渗入土壤、进入地陷或在满水时漫过塘畔和塘堤的形式离开池塘。因此池塘这个封闭的内流生态系统都跟湖泊有所不同,几乎没有成形的水体流动,囤积的淤泥和被冲刷进入的污染物通常很多,池水浑浊而且很多时候都是绿色红色的(因为死水里会有很多藻类水草生长)。但池塘周围也可以形成小型湿地消落带植被,为蛙类水生昆虫和一些半水生动物(比如水鸟水鼠)提供栖息地。一些由河流或溪流改道而形成的池塘(比如曲流切断形成的牛轭池)如果水量够多甚至可以形成能自我维持的淡水生态系统,并可能有残余的天然淡水鱼群。

亚洲,池塘常见于庭院之内;而在欧洲,池塘亦常见于城堡修道院之中。池塘中通常会放养一些观赏鱼(比如锦鲤),用来提供消遣并控制水藻和滋生。有些池塘也会被利用来养殖有经济价值的淡水食用鱼甲壳动物淡水虾鳌虾淡水蟹)和龟类,这类用作水产养殖的池塘统称鱼塘。一些鱼塘则会放养休闲捕鱼群体喜爱的游钓鱼来提供免费或付费钓鱼的娱乐场所。

陂塘可以指因天然的水池加上人工的建设、作为灌溉用途的水利设施,也特指台湾桃园台地上的人工灌溉池塘。桃园台地是个切割台地,河谷深而水位低,位于高处的农田难以灌溉。台地表面厚覆的红色黏土层,不适农耕,却适储水。从清朝开始,当地住民便从缓斜坡地挖集黏土,堆筑在坡下成岸,用以阻聚山泉雨水,而形成陂塘[1]。台湾桃园市因陂塘众多,有“千塘市”美名[2]

另见

参考

  1. ^ 萌典-陂塘. [2018-03-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-22). 
  2. ^ 桃園市的埤塘. [2018-03-02]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-19). 

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池塘
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