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朕.
朕是汉语中的一个第一人称代词,表示“我”的含义。在早期上古汉语中作为第一人称的属格以及呼格使用,例如屈原《离骚》:“回朕车以复路兮”,中国最早的一部解释词义的专著《尔雅·释诂》中记载:“朕,身也”。在先秦时代,“朕”字不分尊卑贵贱,人人皆可使用[1]。
在先秦时,诸侯国君主一般自称“孤”、“不穀”、“寡人”,称“王”者亦可自称“本王”,随着秦朝建立,嬴政创立皇帝尊号,规定“朕”专作皇帝自称。这个称谓从此一直作为中国元首(即帝王)的自称,直到二十世纪中国帝制终结。《说文解字注》:“赵高之于二世,乃曰天子所以贵者,但以闻声,群臣莫得见其面,故号曰朕。段玉裁:比附朕字本义而言之,遂以亡国,凡说文字不得其理者,害必及于天下。赵高,王安石是也。”《释诂》曰:‘朕,我也。’此如卬吾台余之为我,皆取其音,不取其义。其字义为:缝隙,《考工记图·函人注》:舟之缝理曰朕。《周礼·考工记》:视其朕,欲其直也。亦作征兆解,如《庄子·应帝王》:体尽无穷,而游无朕。《鬼谷子》:变化之朕焉。故古有朕兆、朕垠、朕迹的写法。朕这字原从舟,篆文隶书化后才从月。关在甲骨字及金文,是双手掌一船舵或桨,篆文把舵桨写成火,隶书再简化成关。
“朕”一般只能用作皇帝的自称。例如东汉末年,群雄争霸,割据局面出现,曹操只是魏王,即使实际掌握军政大权,仍只能自称“孤”或“本王”;汉献帝才可自称为“朕”。“朕”一般用于奏折等书面语。皇帝平时自称“我”、“吾”。
受到中国文化的影响,汉字文化圈的其他国家日本、大韩帝国、越南的皇帝也使用“朕”这个称呼,如终战诏书里面昭和天皇就自称为朕,大越史记全书里面越南各朝皇帝的文书也都自称为朕。不过二战后即位的明仁以及德仁一直自称“私”(わたくし)。现代,有时翻译在其他外国君王(尤其是古代君主)的言论时,也会选用“朕”作为对应其自称的对应字,如法王路易十四之名言:“朕即国家”。
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