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称谓

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称谓称呼广义上可以指名称狭义上指人交往当中所说出对方的名称,这种称呼通常基于辈份血缘关系、职业特性、宗教信仰、社会地位等等因素,有时也可以指人的姓氏名字

称谓是为了表明人们之间的社会关系才产生,它区分了人们在社会关系中所扮演的不同角色。许多都是成对出现的,例如:

很多文化对表达同一含义的称谓分为尊称、谦称、雅称、昵称、别称等多种形式。不同场合,对于同一人的称谓不同;不同的人对同一含义的称谓也不同,这主要根据扮演的角色不同,称谓随之发生变化。如中国皇帝一般自称为“朕”,臣民则称之为“陛下”;假如一个已婚中年女性,其职业为教师并兼校长职务,那么其称谓,在学校为“老师”或“校长”,在家里子女称之为“母亲”,丈夫称之为“妻子”,父母则称之为“女儿”;当然在汉字文化圈上,除了学生、子女不对其长辈、前辈直呼其名以外,其他的人可以将其“名字”作为称呼。

家庭、亲属类

中国传统文化中使用称呼时,须遵从等级界限,长幼辈分,秩序井然[1]。传统文化上,在汉语中对长辈前辈直呼其名是不得接受的,故必须避讳(现代亦包括同辈亲属而比自己年长者,例、姊或比自己年长的同辈姻亲[2])。在对父母的兄弟姐妹及配偶的各种称谓中,父系男性血亲更为亲密,依年龄细化出伯父叔父。其他血亲并无这种细化。

欧洲语言的亲属关系称呼原本同样十分复杂,如拉丁语[3]、古英语[4]等,但后来逐渐简化,现代英语表达较为简单。日常用语使用的“Brother英语Brother”、“Sister英语Sister”、“Uncle”和“Aunt”皆不区分长幼,亦不区分堂亲表亲,用Cousin一词即可。但非日常用语仍可以表达极其精确的亲属关系,例如可以用paternal uncle(伯伯、叔叔), maternal uncle(舅舅), paternal cousin(堂兄弟姐妹、姑表兄弟姐妹), maternal cousin(舅表兄弟姐妹、姨表兄弟姐妹), grandfather on father's side(爷爷), grandmother on mother's side(姥姥)……等称谓进行详细区分。如果要表达更精确的关系的话,还可以说成father's elder brother(伯父), father's younger brother's daughter(叔叔的女儿)……此外,现代英语中同样有比较复杂的亲属称谓,例如,英语中有“first cousin, twice removed"之类的称谓[5],汉语中反倒没有类似说法。

社会交往类

社会身份类

参考文献

  1. ^ 作者:张浩淼. 称谓也要与时俱进 面对陌生人这样称呼才得体. 凤凰网,来源:华龙网—重庆日报. 2013-12-05 [2015-10-14]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-09) (简体中文). 
  2. ^ 存档副本. [2022-04-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-27). 
  3. ^ Latin Kin Terms. [2019-07-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-23). 
  4. ^ Old English Kinterms. [2019-07-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-22). 
  5. ^ How Are Cousins Related?. [2019-07-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-16). 

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称谓
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