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时钟座

时钟座
Horologium
星座
Horologium
缩写Hor
所有格Horologii
象征物摆钟
赤经3h
赤纬−60°
家族拉卡伊家族
象限SQ1
面积249平方度 (58th)
主要恒星6
拜耳/佛氏
恒星
10
行星的恒星4
亮度3m以上的恒星0
距离在10秒差距(32.62光年)内的恒星1
最亮星天园增六 (3.85m)
最近的恒星格利泽1061
(11.99 ly, 3.66 pc)
梅西尔天体0
流星雨0
邻接星座波江座
水蛇座
网罟座
剑鱼座
雕具座
可以看见的纬度范围: +30°至−90°之间
最适合观赏的月份:12月

时钟座南天球六颗黯淡恒星组成的星座,拉丁语原名“hōrologium”源自古希腊语ὡρολόγιον”,意指摆钟。1756年,法国天文学家尼可拉·路易·拉卡伊率先划分时钟座。1922年,国际天文联会重新划分星座范围,此后时钟座便属联会认可的88个现代星座北纬23度线以南可以观测时钟座全部星空。

时钟座只有最亮的天园增六亮度超过4.0视星等,达到3.85,是老化的橙巨星,直径达太阳11倍。时钟座R刍藁变星,视星等在4.7至14.3范围变化,幅度之大在夜空所有肉眼可见的恒星中名列前茅。人类已发现时钟座六个恒星系统包含系外行星,其中至少格利泽1061拥有适居带行星。

历史

法国天文学家尼可拉·路易·拉卡伊好望角停留两年,观察并分类上万颗南天恒星,然后在1756年划分时钟座,选择的星座名称是“l'Horloge à pendule & à secondes”,意指钟摆[1][2]。他在欧洲无法观测的南天球星空划出14个星座,其中13个用象征启蒙时代的科学仪器命名[注 1]。拉卡伊去世后,星座法语名称在1763年发布的星图中已拉丁化成“Horologium[3],拉丁语名是由古希腊语ὡρολόγιον”派生,意指计时摆钟[4]

简介

北纬23度线以南可观测整个时钟座

时钟座面积248.9平方度,占天球0.603%,在88个现代星座中排第58[5]。星座位于南天球,需在北纬23度线以南才能观测[5][注 2]。时钟座周围与五个星座相邻,分别是波江座雕具座网罟座剑鱼座水蛇座。1922年,国际天文联会确定以三字母缩写“Hor”代指时钟座。[6]1930年,尤金·德尔波特正式划分星座边界,时钟座是22边形(见文首信息框)。根据赤道坐标系统,星座赤经位于02h 12.8m和04h 20.3m之间,赤纬在−39.64°到−67.04°之间[7]

显著特点

时钟座可用肉眼识别

恒星

时钟座只有一颗星亮度超过4.0视星等[8],41颗达到或超过6.5视星等[注 3][5]。1756年拉卡伊将星座中11颗恒星标上星图,并以拜耳命名法分配αλ共11个希腊字母。19世纪中期,英格兰天文学家弗朗西斯·贝利撤消ε和θ两个字母,认为这两颗恒星过于黯淡,不够资格获名。他在拉卡伊划定的时钟座β位置没有找到恒星,认为坐标有误,将名称分给其他恒星。时钟座κ的位置同样没有恒星,名称因此停用,估计很可能是指HD 18292。1879年,美国天文学家本杰明·阿普索普·古尔德认为另外两颗恒星亮度足以分配希腊字母,这便是如今的时钟座μ时钟座ν[3]

时钟座以3.85视星等的天园增六最亮,距地球115±0.5光年[10]。德国天文学家约翰·波得认为该星代表钟摆,拉卡伊将其视为钟摆砝码[11],是光谱等级K2III的老化橙巨星,已膨胀到约11倍太阳直径,白主序星阶段已过去大半[12]。估计该星拥有1.55倍太阳质量[13]光球辐射量达38倍太阳光度,表面有效温度5028开尔文[14]

4.93视星等的时钟座δ是时钟座第二亮恒星[15],与天园增六组成范围宽大的光学双星[16]。时钟座δ是联星系统,主星光谱等级A5V,是1.41倍太阳质量、5.15视星等的白主序星;伴星7.29视星等[17],联星距地球179±4光年[10]

5.0视星等的时钟座β是白巨星,光度达太阳63倍,表面有效温度8303K[14],距地球312±4光年[18],人类目前还缺乏了解[15]。时钟座λ是光谱等级F2III的老化黄白巨星,距地球161±1光年[10],以每秒140公里的速度旋转,因此两极略显拉平,呈扁球状[19]

时钟座ν是5.24视星等的白主序星[20],光谱等级A2V,距地球169±1光年[21],有约1.9倍太阳质量。估计该星已有5.4亿年历史,岩屑盘包含两部分:内盘轨道距恒星96+9
−37
 天文单位
,外盘距恒星410+24
−96
 AU
。估计岩屑盘质量为地球0.13%±0.07%[20]

时钟座变星众多。红巨星时钟座R便是刍藁变星,亮度变化幅度之大在夜空所有肉眼可见的恒星中名列前茅[22],距地球约一千光年[23]。该星亮度以13个月为周期在14.3至4.7视星等范围变化[24]。时钟座T和时钟座U也是刍藁变星[16],南非天文学会于2003年宣布两星光变曲线数据不完整,需要进一步观测[25]。红巨星时钟座TW半规则变星,也是碳星[24],距地球1370±70光年[26]

黄白矮星时钟座ι拥有1.23±0.12倍太阳质量,1.16±0.04倍太阳直径,光谱等级F8V[27],与地球相隔57±0.05光年[28]。从化学组成、运动和年龄判断,该星在毕宿星团形成,但已飘移到其他星球约130光年外[29],周围有至少2.5倍木星质量的行星旋转,轨道周期307天[30]HD 27631是类日恒星,距地球164±0.3光年[31],拥有至少1.45倍木星质量的行星,公转周期2208天[32]。WASP-120是约1.4倍太阳质量的黄白主序星,光谱等级F5V,估计已有26±5亿年历史。该星的行星质量达4.85倍木星,每3.6天就能公转一周,估计表面温度达1880±70K[33]

13.06视星等的红矮星格利泽1061光谱等级M5.5V,质量和直径分别是太阳的一成二和一成五,光度仅0.17%,距地球12光年,属离太阳最近的20颗单星或恒星系统。2019年8月,科学家宣布该星有三颗行星,其中一颗位于适居带[34]

深空天体

NGC 1512(左)棒旋星系NGC 1510矮星系的合成图像

时钟座深空天体众多,其中不乏球状星团NGC 1261是8.0视星等的球状星团,与地球相隔5.3万光年[24],位于时钟座μ东北偏北4.7度[35]。阿普-马多雷一号(Arp-Madore 1)距地球40.2万光年,是银河系内确知距离最远的球状星团[36]

NGC 1512是天园增六西南偏西2.1度的棒旋星系,亮度10.2视星等[35],与透镜状星系NGC 1510相隔约五弧分(13.8秒差距)。两个星系从约四亿年前就开始逐渐合并[37]

时钟座超星系团是地球周边两百秒差距范围内的第二大超星系团,规模仅次于夏普力超星系团,覆盖上百平方度天空,拥有二十多个阿贝尔星系团,中心位于赤道坐标系统α=03h 19m,δ=50° 2′左右[38]

注释

  1. ^ 唯一的例外是山案座,以桌山命名。另外12个以科学仪器命名的星座分别是唧筒座雕具座圆规座天炉座显微镜座矩尺座南极座绘架座罗盘座网罟座玉夫座望远镜座[3]
  2. ^ 严格来说时钟座部分位置会出现在北纬23°至50°之间的地面线上方,但只高于地平线几度的恒星无论通过何等手段都无法观测[5]
  3. ^ 6.5视星等是肉眼在城乡结合位置理想夜空条件下能看到的光线最微弱天体[9]

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时钟座
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