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类球面

椭圆围绕一个垂直轴旋转而成的类球面
扁球面 长球面

类球面是一种二次曲面。二维的椭圆有两个主轴,称为长轴短轴。在三维空间里,将一个椭圆绕着其任何一主轴旋转,则可得到一个类球面。

  • 假若,这旋转主轴是长轴,则这个类球面为长球面。例如,英式足球里所用的橄榄球是长球形状。
  • 假若,这旋转主轴是短轴,则这个类球面为扁球面。例如,地球在北极与南极稍微有点扁平,在赤道又有点凸涨。所以,地球是扁球形状。
  • 假若,生成的椭圆是圆圈,则这个类球面为完全对称的圆球面

方程式

对类球面半轴的赋值。如果c < a则为扁球面(左图)而如果c > a则为长球面(右图)。

用另外一种方法来描述,类球面是一种椭球面。采用直角坐标,椭球面可以表达为

其中,分别是椭球面在x-轴与y-轴的赤道半径是椭球面在z-轴的极半径,这三个正值实数的半径决定了椭球面的形状。 以z-轴为旋转轴的类球面,它的方程为:

  • 假若,三个半径都相等,则这椭球面是圆球面
  • 假若,类球面的赤道半径小于极半径,则这是类球面是长球面:
  • 假若,类球面的赤道半径大于极半径,则这是类球面是扁球面:

性质

面积

扁球面c < a,它的表面积为:

其中

扁球面是半长轴为a而半短轴为c的椭圆围绕z-轴旋转而形成的,因此e可看作为离心率[1]

长球面c > a,它的表面积为:

其中

长球面是半长轴为c而半短轴为a的椭圆围绕z-轴旋转而形成的,因此e可看作离心率[2]

体积

类球的体积是

曲率

假若,一个类球面被参数化为

 ;

其中,参数纬度parametric latitude),经度

那么,类球面的高斯曲率Gaussian curvature)是

类球面的平均曲率mean curvature)是

对于类球面,这两种曲率永远是正值的。所以,类球面的每一点都是椭圆的。

参阅

引用

  1. ^ A derivation of this result may be found at Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Oblate Spheroid. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [24 June 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-24) (英语). 
  2. ^ A derivation of this result may be found at Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Prolate Spheroid. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [24 June 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-21) (英语). 
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类球面
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