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方伯

方伯,指实力强大的诸侯,或诸侯的领袖,明清时成为对布政使的雅称。

古代中国

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商周时期,交通很不方便,天子对远方的诸侯难以控制,就会让个别诸侯作为一片区域内所有诸侯的领袖,称为方伯[1]。相传夏朝的昆吾国就是方伯,商朝时,大彭国豕韦国曾担任方伯的职位[2]。当方伯想与天子分庭抗礼时,商王武丁便消灭了他们。由于周文王在西部很得民心,商纣王就封周文王为“西伯”。春秋时代,周王朝衰落后,齐、晋、楚、秦、宋、吴、越等国担任诸侯的盟主,它们也是方伯,春秋五霸可以称为“五伯”。

德国

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领地伯爵伯爵领主(德语:Landgraf, 荷兰语landgraaf, 瑞典语lantgreve, 法语:landgrave; 拉丁语comes magnus, comes patriae, comes provinciae, comes terrae, comes principalis, lantgravius)是神圣罗马帝国及后续领土上的一个贵族等级,领地伯爵与藩侯行宫伯爵和公爵平级,高于伯爵。比较知名的人物有黑森伯国腓力一世

参考文献

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  1. ^ 《礼记·王制》载:“千里之外设方伯。”
  2. ^ 《国语·郑语》:佐制物于前代者,昆吾为夏伯矣,大彭、豕韦为商伯矣。
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方伯
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