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伯爵 (德国).
伯爵（Graf）是德国历史上的一种贵族等级，级别与伯爵（Count）相同，低于公爵（Duke）。伯爵统治的领地被称为伯国（Grafschaft）。
在神圣罗马帝国境内，伯爵本身的头衔可分为帝国伯爵、藩侯（Markgraf，又称边疆伯爵）以及领地伯爵（Landgraf，主要由黑森王朝君主使用）等。随着历史进展，许多帝国伯爵先后获得更高层级的头衔，如亲王（Fürst）、公爵（Herzog）等。在19世纪初的德意志采邑调解期间，众多较小的伯国被并入较大的王国、大公国，失去了领地。[1][2]
在德奥两国，伯爵与其他贵族头衔在1919年被正式废除。部分原本拥有这些头衔的贵族后裔仍使用贵族姓氏助词，即von或zu，如纳粹德国末代总理鲁茨·格拉夫·什未林·冯·科洛希克（Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk）。
- ^ Vgl. Kai Drewes: Jüdischer Adel: Nobilitierungen von Juden im Europa des 19. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt am Main 2013, S. 338 mit Anm. 207 u. 208
- ^ Die regierenden Markgrafen standen nicht im gräflichen, sondern im reichsfürstlichen Rang.
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