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家臣 (欧洲)

家臣(英语:Ministerialis,德语:Ministeriale)或属臣中世纪欧洲特别是神圣罗马帝国最低等级的贵族称号。在等级森严的欧洲中世纪,等级的划分严格按照人的血统和门第。家臣虽然属于贵族,却没有人身自由,是属于依附于大封建主的下级贵族。著名的法典《萨克森之鉴》中记载的贵族,总共有七个等级,他们的顺序是国王,大主教及教会诸侯,世俗诸侯,伯爵及自由领主,陪臣及家臣,封臣,单盾骑士[1]

起源

家臣的起源非常古老,有人将其历史上溯到尤利乌斯·恺撒远征高卢,恺撒将依附的日耳曼亲信提升为罗马骑士,这些人是中世纪家臣阶层的鼻祖。这些不自由、依附于大贵族的骑士或者小贵族出身的人就是家臣,最高贵的家臣是国王的家臣。11世纪的萨利安王朝诸帝是最早有意识地把家臣当统治工具的,因为家臣对主人非常忠诚。斯陶芬家族则把“家臣制度”发扬光大,他们拥有大量出身骑士阶层的家臣。家臣虽然原则上没有人身自由,却因为亲近主子、立过高功,能得到比普通贵族更显赫的地位,他们牢牢掌握着帝国的管理权和军队的指挥权,有的甚至能与诸侯平起平坐。亨利六世非常倚重家臣,其中最著名的就是膳务总管德语Truchsess (Hofamt)安魏勒的马克瓦德德语Markward_von_Annweiler[2],在征服西西里王国的战役中立下汗马功劳后,被封为阿布鲁佐伯爵

参考资料

  1. ^ 中国大百科全书 第三版 封建等级制度页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ 王顺君: 《救世主还是恶魔》台海出版社 2016.5,ISBN 978-7-5168-1048-4 P. 54

外部链接

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家臣 (欧洲)
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