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托纳卡西瓦特尔

托纳卡西瓦特尔古典纳瓦特尔语: Tonacacihuātl [toːnakaˈsiwaːt͡ɬ])是阿兹特克神话中掌管生育、创造的女神。她亦是丰收之神,并使地球宜居[1]。大多数殖民时期的手稿表示她与奥梅特奥特尔为同一神[2] 。托纳卡西瓦特尔同时也是托纳卡特库特利的伴侣[3] 。她也被成为伊卢伊卡西瓦特尔(Ilhuicacihuātl)或者天堂上的女神(Heavenly Lady)[4]

名称

其名由纳瓦特尔语中的 "tōnacā" 和 "cihuātl"二词组成[5] 。其中"cihuātl"意为“女性”或“女神”, 而“tōnacā”解释众多:部分人将其读作“tonacā”(无长音o),由“nacatl”(意为“人肉”或者“食物”)与“to”(“我们”的所有格)组成,依此解释之,其意即为“食物的女神”或者“肉体的女神”,其中最常见的解释为“营养的女神”[2] 。另外,“tōnac”意为“丰收”,故其亦被视为“丰收的女神”[5]

起源和角色

托纳卡西瓦特尔是中部美洲宗教中墨西哥中心文化的创造神[2] 。据里奥斯手抄本英语Codex Ríos墨西哥人绘画历史英语History of the Mexicans as Told by Their Paintings、《墨西哥历史》(Histoyre du Mechique)以及佛罗伦萨手抄本记载, 托纳卡西瓦特尔和她的伴侣托纳卡特库特利一同居住在奥梅约坎英语Omeyocan(即第十三重天,人类的灵魂从此地降临到地球上)[6][2][4] 。托纳卡特库特利亦与生育有关,其形象出现在前哥伦布时期一些有关生殖的艺术作品中。据佛罗伦萨手抄本的记载,阿兹特克的接生人员会在新生儿洗浴过后告诉他们:“你创生于九重天之上的第十三重天(place of duality),由你的父亲和母亲——奥梅特库特利(Ōmetēuctli)与奥梅西瓦特尔(Ōmecihuātl)塑造”[4]

根据1629年埃尔南多·鲁伊斯·德阿拉尔孔的记载,在一个将玉米种子献给神灵特拉尔特库特利的仪式中,萨满祭司使用了托纳卡西瓦特尔女神的名字("nohueltiuh Tōnacācihuātl",意为“我的姐妹,托纳卡西瓦特尔”)[7]

奇马尔波波卡手抄本英语Codex Chimalpopoca中,奥梅特库特利(Ōmetēuctli)与奥梅西瓦特尔(Ōmecihuātl)常在祭祀中向克特萨尔科瓦特尔(即羽蛇神)祷告[8]

注释

  1. ^ Hale.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Miller & Taube.
  3. ^ León-Portilla.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sahagún book 6.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Dictionnaire.
  6. ^ Garibay.
  7. ^ Ruiz de Alarcón.
  8. ^ Bierhorst.

参考来源

Bierhorst, John. History and mythology of the Aztecs: the Codex Chimalpopoca. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-8165-1886-9. 
Garibay Kintana, Ángel Ma. (编). Teogonía e historia de los mexicanos: tres opúsculos del siglo xvi. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa. 1965. ISBN 9789684323124. 
León-Portilla, Miguel. Aztec Thought and Culture. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806122951. 
Miller, Mary; Taube, Karl (编). An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. London: Thames & Hudson. 1993. ISBN 0500279284. 
Ruiz de Alarcón, Hernando. Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que hoy viven entre los indios naturales de esta Nueva España. Barcelona: Linkgua digital. 2014. ISBN 9788498169607. 
Sahagún, Bernadino. Florentine Codex Book 6: Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy. 由Dibble, Charles E.; Anderson, Arthur J. O.翻译. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1607811619. 
Wimmer, Alexis. Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique (online version, incorporating reproductions from Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine [1885], by Rémi Siméon). 2006 [2016-04-05]. (原始内容存档于2012-12-30). 
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托纳卡西瓦特尔
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