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弗栗多

弗栗多梵文/天城文वृत्रVṛtra),于早期吠陀神话中就已经登场的阿修罗神族的巨蛇那伽(或巨龙),其名意为“掩盖者”,是旱灾的降临者。经典吠陀中又被称为“Ahi”,即“蛇”之意,传说它拥有三个头,是提婆因陀罗的大敌之一。围绕讨伐弗栗多的故事随着时间而产生了数个版本,亦见证了在三相神梵天毗湿奴湿婆)信仰兴起的同时因陀罗在改良后的婆罗门教中地位的下降。

吠陀时期版本

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根据经典梨俱吠陀1.154~1.32的记载,因陀罗刚出生不久就为了解放世上所有被弗栗多堵住的水源而对牠进行讨伐。因陀罗先从工匠神陀湿多获取了武器金刚杵,并向毗湿奴要求划出由他在宇宙踏出的三大步所构成的战场。战前因陀罗先饮下大量的苏摩汁以增强力量,击溃了弗栗多的九十九座堡垒,与弗栗多交战中他的两个下巴遭到击碎,但接着因陀罗将牠抛下,撞向山下已经被粉碎的堡垒而死。因陀罗因此得名“弗栗多罕”,即“杀死弗栗多者”[1]

现代印度地质学家试图以科学的眼光对这个传说进行自我解释,B.P. Radhakrishna写道:“于晚更新世英语Late Pleistocene时期,喜马拉雅山脉的水源都是处于冰封状态。直至气候变暖,部分冰河开始破裂,里面的大量冰块滑落山下形成洪水,泛滥了山脚的冲积平原……平原的居民将此现象看作成因陀罗神破冰解水的伟业并创作诗词歌颂他,在他们的眼中喜马拉雅山脉冰河缓慢地融化下流就有如蠕动的巨蛇(弗栗多)。”[2]

往世书及摩诃婆罗多版本

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有关弗栗多的神话后来变成另一个版本,弗栗多被说是陀湿多为报复因陀罗杀害其子陀李司拉英语Trisiras而创造的。弗栗多战胜了因陀罗并将他吞下,众神让牠吐出因陀罗,接着毗湿奴与众李习对弗栗多进行调停,因陀罗须发誓不会用任何以金属,木或石制物质袭击弗栗多,不能用湿或干的武器,甚至不允许在日间或晚上进攻。因陀罗用计回避这些规则,他用海浪的泡沫当作武器在黄昏时分杀死了弗栗多。

在另一个版本中,弗栗多(人形)原是毗湿奴的信徒,具有僧侣种性,但因为欠缺虔诚心和带有侵略性而遭受杀害。这个时候的弗栗多是已经被丑恶化的阿修罗族之首。他抛弃自己的法典,对提婆族宣战。他的力量让因陀罗为首的众提婆神不无畏惧,他们向毗湿奴求助,毗湿奴就解释在正常的情况下弗栗多是无法被击败,唯一能有效对付他的武器是出自一位圣人的骨头。当众神找到毗湿奴指示的该位李习达呵池英语Dadhichi,他欣然地答应为了善因而献出自己全部的骨头。提婆们收集起骨头,因陀罗以此做出武器金刚杵,他们再次与弗栗多交手,大战360日后弗栗多终于被攻克。但不论是杀害了Trisiras或僧侣级弗栗多的版本,因陀罗都必须背负“弑僧侣英语Brāhmanahatya”的罪名而遁世,友邻王在同时就领受引召取代了因陀罗的席位[3]

参考引用

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  1. ^ 梨俱吠陀1.154~1.32
  2. ^ 印度地质学报1999年42期
  3. ^ 摩诃婆罗多5.009、5.010、5.011
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弗栗多
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