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方位护法

护法神
印尼的図像

方位守护Dikpāla / दिक्पाल)是印度教、耆那教、佛教的方位守护神。在佛教中还是正法守护(梵名:Dharmapāla)即护法。传统上方位护法都会绘于寺庙的墙壁及天花板上,亦有寺庙或其他建筑物在外墙根据记载雕刻或安放对应位置的神像。其他的经典记载的版本如阿闼婆吠陀有微小的差别,但一般以摩诃婆罗多的版本最常见。

摩诃婆罗多记载版本

护世四天王 - लोकपाल / Lokapāla守护四个正角(disha - 东南西北)方位,他们是:

  • 阎摩(यम / Yama),位置东方(Pūrva / Prāchi / Prāk),司死者审判,掌管地狱。
  • 因陀罗(इन्द्र / Indra),位置南方(Dakshina / Avāchi),司气候/战争。
  • 伐楼拿(वरुण / Varuna),位置西方(Paśchima / Pratīchi / Apara),司宇宙天则及海水。
  • 俱毗罗(कुबेर / Kubera),位置北方(Uttara / Udīchi),司财富。

四天王常见成双绘于墓穴入口,传说他们在需要时能召唤异世界的精灵协助他们保护墓穴。佛教吸收了印度教的Lokapāla创立了自己的四大天王,其中北方的俱吠罗与多闻天王有较明显的关联性;西方的伐楼拿与广目天王同样是率领那伽族。印度教的四天王之一因陀罗的佛教对应神祇帝释天(Śakra)成为了佛教四大天王的侍奉对象,地位截然不同。

除了以上四个正角方位,又伸展出四个斜角方位构成合计八个方位的护法 - अष्ट-दिक्पाल / Aṣṭa-Dikpāla:

  • 伊舍那(Ishana / 伊舍那天),位置东北(Īśānya),湿婆朝上方的第五个头。
  • 阿耆尼(अग्नि / Agni),位置东南(Āgneya),司火焰与净化。
  • 伐由(वायु / Vayu),位置西北(Vāyavya),司风与大气。
  • 尼利提(Nirrti / 罗刹天),位置西南(Nairṛti),司死亡。

最后梵天坐于八神的(天极)正中央上方(Urdhva),阿南塔(毗湿奴蛇的化身)于下方(Atha),十位神祇合称Daśa-dikpāla。

阿闼婆吠陀记载版本

广林奥义书记载版本

伸延阅读

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方位护法
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