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不害

耆那教的“不害”(ahiṃsā)标志,手掌作无畏印

不伤害梵语अहिंसाahiṃsā巴利语avihiṃsā),又译不杀不杀生不害,原意是指对一切有情不加以伤害,为非暴力之意。源自古印度宗教,由印度教耆那教佛教承袭下来。佛教的五戒中,以不加害跟其人有因缘者为首。

词源

“不害”的原词 ahiṃsā 源于梵文的字根 hiṃs,意思就是击打;而 hiṃsā 则指受伤或伤害,再加上相反前缀 a- 就成为了 ahiṃsā,用以表示“不害”或“非暴力[1][2]

概论

不害代表了不杀害和不伤害。不害理念同时尊重生命,尊重思想言语行为的正直,为人类自然和万物服务。有关“不害”的概念通行于印度次大陆的诸宗教,包括:其对象亦不只限于人类,并包对所有非人类的动物及其他众生仁慈与非暴力:它尊重生命为一整全体,并相信所有生物均相通。 不害理念被圣雄甘地教导给他的追随者[3]。 不害的理念同时包括了避免在语言上或行为上的暴力,除非是基于自卫的需要,以彰显灵性的强壮,和避免所有各种暴力所带来的相随业力

起源自吠陀时代,在《夜柔吠陀》等婆罗门教经典开始使用这个字。婆罗门教《广林奥义书》所指不害意为断灭轮回的五种解脱方法之一。

说一切有部将不害视为是一种善心所,列入大善地法[4]

注释

  1. ^ Shukavak N. Dasa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110408135457/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/nonharming_ahimsa.html ?. A Hindu Primer. [2011-11-01]. (原始内容存档于2011-04-08). 
  2. ^ Sanskrit dictionary reference. [2021-02-11]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-17). 
  3. ^ Gandhi's Philosophy of Ahimsa and Its Application to Current Conflicts [甘地的不害哲学及其应用于现时冲突]. Newsblaze.com. 2007-10-14 [2011-06-15]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03) (英语). 
  4. ^ 玄奘译《阿毘达磨大毘婆沙论》卷42:“大善地法有十种:一信,二精进,三惭,四愧,五无贪,六无瞋,七轻安,八舍,九不放逸,十不害。”

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不害
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