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语言与言语.
言语[1][2][3](parole[4])是个语言学术语,由索绪尔创造,是一个与语言(language,langue[5])相对立的概念──“语言”指说话者约定俗成而共同使用的语言系统或结构(含语言单位及规则),偏向人体生理功能,只局限于口语方面;而“言语”指语言体系在日常生活实际运用中,可能因环境或族群差异而有别的体现,包含了书写内容及口语内容。索绪尔定义的 parole 有别于 speech(口语[6])。
言语活动中受个人意志支配的部分,它带有个人发音、用词、表达习惯等的特点。言语活动是语言学家索绪尔定义的术语,用来统称人的说话的这种现象。索绪尔认为,言语活动既是个人的行为,又受社会的制约。索绪尔把言语活动分为两部分:“语言”(langue)和“言语”(parole)。
- 语言是言语活动中的社会部分,它不受个人意志的支配,是社会成员共有的,是一种社会心理现象。
- 言语是言语活动中受个人意志支配的部分,它带有个人发音、用词、表达习惯等的特点。
但是不管个人的特点如何不同,同一社团中的个人都可以互通,这是因为有语言的统一作用。
参考文献
- Bussmann, Hadumod (1996), Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, London: Routledge.
- Saussure, Ferdinand de (1916), "Nature of the Linguistics Sign", in: Charles Bally & Albert Sechehaye (Ed.), Cours de linguistique générale, McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 0-07-016524-6.
- Keller, Rudi. “Expression and Meaning.” A Theory of Linguistic Signs. By Rudi Keller. Trans. Kimberley Duenwald. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 87-95.
- Mazor, Marya. “Really Relativism: Dialectic Interpretations of Saussure.” Structuralism and Post-Structuralism. Ed. Imtiaz S Hasnain. New Delhi: The Authors and Bahri Publications, 1992. 1-17.
- Rivkin, Julie, and Michael Ryan. “The Implied Order: Structuralism.” Structuralism, Linguistics, Narratology. 53-55.
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