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增生 (病理学)

细胞增生
肥大源于细胞本身的大小增大,而细胞增生源于细胞个数的增多
类型前列腺良性增生或是乳房增生[1][2]
诊断方法切片[3]
治疗依种类不同而有差异(参见种类)
分类和外部资源
医学专科病理学
MedlinePlus003441
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

细胞增生(英语:Hyperplasia),是指由于细胞数量增加(细胞增殖)而造成组织的体积质量增加[4],并且有些情况下会导致器官变大。细胞增生有时会与良性的赘生物或是良性肿瘤混淆[5]

细胞增生是细胞对外在刺激常见的肿瘤前期反应[6] ,在显微镜底下,增生细胞与正常细胞无异,但是数量变多,有时候增生细胞的体积也可能变大(细胞肥大[7]。细胞增生与细胞肥大的主要差异在于细胞受到外在刺激之后的反应方式,细胞增生是受到刺激之后细胞数量增加,而细胞肥大则是细胞的体积变大[8]

症状

细胞增生是一种对特定刺激的正常生理反应,增生的细胞也仍然受到细胞生长周期调控[5];然而,如果出现过多的荷尔蒙或是生长因子的刺激,细胞增生也会成为病理反应。异常的细胞增生和正常的细胞增生同样受到生长因子控制,并且在移除刺激后停止生长[9],这一点和癌症及良性肿瘤发展过程中的赘生物不同,不同点在于癌变细胞不但异常生长,而且对于正常生长因子刺激没有反应[10] 。即使如此,异常的细胞增生可以是进一步发生癌变的起点[9]

原因

许多原因都可能导致细胞增生,包括为了补偿皮肤损伤而发生的表皮基底层增生、慢性发炎反应、荷尔蒙失调、或是因为创伤及其他疾病而发生的器官补偿生长[11] 。细胞增生可能无害且发生在特定组织,例如乳腺的泌乳细胞在怀孕之后发生细胞增生,以因应分娩后的哺乳需求[12]

胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF)在人体上最主要的功能是促进细胞增生,也就是细胞分裂[13],相对地,细胞肥大则只是细胞体积增加,例如骨骼肌细胞在重量训练及使用类固醇之后产生的变化[14]。使用IGF后,会导致细胞增生而真正地增加组织中肌肉细胞的数量[15],之后施加重量训练,无论是否使用类固醇,都可以使这些新产生的细胞在大小及力量上更成熟。有些理论认为某些运动的力量输出训练可以导致细胞增生,因此增加肌肉纤维的数量而不是仅增加单一肌肉纤维的体积[16]

诊断

以子宫内膜细胞增生为例,通常是透过巴氏涂片检查来确认诊断,或是在子宫颈检查时同时取得子宫内膜组织切片[3]。至于库兴氏病英语Cushing's disease则可以检查患者唾液的可体松浓度是否升高[17]

种类

患者的右侧上下肢发生偏侧增生英语hemihyperplasia,从其骨盆倾斜的外观可以发现长短腿症状。

细胞增生有些更常见的临床形式,或是有些情况导致细胞增生:

  • 子宫内膜增生症——子宫内膜发生细胞增生,是多囊卵巢综合症的症状之一,当雌激素长时间对子宫内膜刺激,且子宫内膜缺乏黄体素的保护时,就会导致子宫内膜增生。如果没有接受适当的治疗,可能会进一步发展成子宫内膜癌[20]。从子宫内膜增生症发展成子宫内膜癌是异常细胞增生可以导致癌变的典型范例[9]
  • 偏侧增生英语hemihyperplasia——又称偏侧发育过度,只有半边身体发生细胞增生,有时会导致肢体长度不同[21]
  • 血管内膜增生英语Intimal hyperplasia——血管内膜增生是血管受损之后的正常生理反应,也是器官移植失败的原因之一,尤其是人工静脉移植;血管内膜增生也是动脉内膜切除术英语endarterectomy的并发症之一[22]
  • 表皮细胞增生英语Focal epithelial hyperplasia——这是在口腔黏膜组织(在喉腔偶尔也会发生)的疣状增生,是受到某些特定型别的人类乳突病毒感染引起。这个类型尚未发现进展为癌症的病例[23]
  • 皮脂腺增生英语Sebaceous hyperplasia——在这个种类中,患者的皮脂腺增生而变大,因此在皮肤上出现小而黄的突起,好发于脸部,这种疾病不具有传染性也不危险[24]
  • 肝脏代偿性增生——肝脏受损之后,肝细胞大量分裂增殖,由新产生的细胞恢复肝脏功能到基本水准。肝脏即使有75%受损或是被切除,仍然可以在肝细胞分裂复制后恢复,这也是临床上肝脏活体移植可行的原因[25]

治疗

细胞增生的治疗会依据每种疾病的不同采用不同的治疗方法。例如摄护腺肥大的患者可以合并使用甲型交感神经受体阻断剂英语Alpha-1 blocker以及5α还原酵素抑制剂英语5α-Reductase inhibitor治疗[26]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Prostate Enlargement: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. www.niddk.nih.gov. [2015-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-11). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Koerner, Frederick C. Diagnostic Problems in Breast Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2009. ISBN 1416026126. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Dunphy, Lynne M.; Winland-Brown, Jill E. Primary Care: The Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing. F.A. Davis. 2011-04-06. ISBN 9780803626478. 
  4. ^ Hyperplasia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. www.nlm.nih.gov. [2015-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-05). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Sembulingam, K.; Sembulingam, Prema. Essentials of Medical Physiology. JP Medical Ltd. 2012-09-01. ISBN 9789350259368. 
  6. ^ Zachary, James F.; McGavin, M. Donald. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013-12-11. ISBN 9780323291729. 
  7. ^ Braun, Carie Ann; Anderson, Cindy Miller. Pathophysiology: Functional Alterations in Human Health. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. ISBN 9780781762502. 
  8. ^ Rubin, Emanuel; Reisner, Howard M. Essentials of Rubin's Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009 [2018-04-16]. ISBN 9780781773249. (原始内容存档于2020-09-24). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kumar, V., Abbas, A., Aster, J. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier. 2013: 4. ISBN 9780808924326. 
  10. ^ Hong, Waun Ki; Hait, William N. Holland Frei Cancer Medicine Eight. PMPH-USA. 2010. ISBN 9781607950141. 
  11. ^ Porth, Carol. Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. ISBN 9781582557243. 
  12. ^ Dirbas, Frederick; Scott-Conner, Carol. Breast Surgical Techniques and Interdisciplinary Management. Springer Science & Business Media. 2011-01-15 [2018-04-18]. ISBN 9781441960764. (原始内容存档于2020-08-03). 
  13. ^ Gardiner, Phillip. Advanced Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology. Human Kinetics. ISBN 9781450412278. 
  14. ^ Metzl, Jordan D.; Shookhoff, Carol. The Young Athlete: A Sports Doctor's Complete Guide for Parents. Little, Brown. 2009-10-31. ISBN 9780316086738. 
  15. ^ Publishing, Britannica Educational. The Endocrine System. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2011-11-01. ISBN 9781615307319. 
  16. ^ Kisner, Carolyn; Colby, Lynn Allen. Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques. F.A. Davis. 2012-10-08. ISBN 9780803638976. 
  17. ^ Cushing's Syndrome: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition: ScholarlyBrief. ScholarlyEditions. 2013-07-22. ISBN 9781481651837. 
  18. ^ Cushing disease: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. www.nlm.nih.gov. [2015-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-05). 
  19. ^ Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. www.nlm.nih.gov. [2015-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-05). 
  20. ^ Endometrial Hyperplasia - ACOG. www.acog.org. [2015-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-30). 
  21. ^ Hemihyperplasia - Glossary Entry. Genetics Home Reference. [2015-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-17). 
  22. ^ Subbotin, Vladimir M. Analysis of arterial intimal hyperplasia: review and hypothesis. Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling. 2007-10-31, 4: 41. ISSN 1742-4682. PMC 2169223可免费查阅. PMID 17974015. doi:10.1186/1742-4682-4-41. 
  23. ^ Purkait, Swapan Kumar. Essentials of Oral Pathology. JP Medical Ltd. 2011. ISBN 9789350252147. 
  24. ^ Evans, Colby Craig; High, Whitney A. Skin Diseases in the Elderly: A Color Handbook. CRC Press. 2011-10-01 [2018-04-19]. ISBN 9781840766158. (原始内容存档于2020-08-03). 
  25. ^ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C. Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014-09-05. ISBN 9780323296359. 
  26. ^ Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Combination Therapy, Minimally Invasive Treatment. Medscape. eMedicine. [3 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-30). 
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增生 (病理学)
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