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肝细胞

肝细胞
大鼠肝切片的扫描电镜照片,可见右上角为肝血窦的有孔内皮细胞,左下角的细胞为肝细胞
肝小叶结构示意图
基本信息
位置肝脏
标识字符
拉丁文Hypocritocus Erectus
MeSHD022781
THH3.04.05.0.00006
FMAFMA:14515
显微解剖学术语英语Anatomical terms of microanatomy

肝细胞hepatocyte(hepato-意为肝,-cyte意为细胞))是肝脏实质中的一类多面体形的腺上皮细胞。肝脏细胞直径在20-30um之间,使用H&E染色光学显微镜下观察可见其细胞质整体嗜酸性并含有嗜碱性颗粒、细胞核大而圆、核仁大且染色体着色浅。肝细胞的再生能力较强,常可见到含2个核的细胞,甚至有细胞是8倍体乃至16倍体[1]

位置

肝细胞位于肝小叶hepatic lobule)中。肝小叶是肝实质被结缔组织分隔成的肝区域,肝小叶中央是一条中央静脉,肝细胞则在中央静脉的法向平面上呈放射状排列成肝板,相邻肝板之间有为肝细胞输送营养的肝血窦英语Sinusoid_(blood_vessel)。相邻肝细胞之间会有局部细胞膜内凹,形成胆小管,接缝处以紧密连接相连,以确保管腔的密闭性[2][3]

形态

肝细胞外形呈立方体形,直径约为20-30微米。在光镜下观察经过H&E染色的肝细胞切片可见肝细胞核呈圆形且体积大,细胞质整体为嗜酸性,但有嗜碱性的颗粒。肝细胞核中核仁大、染色质着色较浅,提示肝细胞核中异染色质较少,基因表达活跃。肝细胞拥有较强的再生能力,在特定条件下能够快速分裂。肝细胞常可见到多倍体,比率则随物种不同而异[1],如大鼠肝细胞多倍体的比率可达8至9成,成人则约3至4成[1]。肝细胞一般含有2个核,且有部分肝细胞为8倍体甚至16倍体。根据统计,成人肝脏内有30-40%的肝细胞系4倍体以上的多倍体[1]。 肝细胞的细胞质中,滑面内质网(SER)、溶酶体核糖体(Ri)、糙面内质网(RER)以及高尔基复合体(GC)均十分丰富。为了维持肝细胞的高代谢率,肝细胞内线粒体(Mi)数目很多,因此常常作为获取线粒体的素材。另外,肝细胞内还有一定数目的包涵体,内含脂肪、糖原等[2]

肝细胞有三个不同的功能面:血窦面、细胞连接面、胆管面(均以指向的面而得名),其中血窦面和胆管面有发达的微绒毛,以实现快速的物质交换[2]

功能

肝细胞能借助发达的滑面内质网实现药物代谢等代谢、解毒作用。同时,肝细胞还能合成胆固醇以及甘油三酯。胆汁也是由肝细胞分泌。此外,肝细胞的蛋白合成活动也比较旺盛,可以合成血清白蛋白蛋白质[4]。在肝脏受损等情况下,肝细胞能迅速进入细胞周期,进行快速分裂[2]

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Celton-Morizur, S; Merlen, G; Couton, D; Desdouets, C. Polyploidy and liver proliferation: central role of insulin signaling. (PDF). Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.). 1 February 2010, 9 (3): 460–6. PMID 20090410. doi:10.4161/cc.9.3.10542. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-25). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 William K. Ovalle, Keith L. Moore, et al.(original author) Adapted by Tang Jun-Min (唐军民) and Li Ji-Cheng (李继承). Textbook of Histology and Embryology. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press (北京大学医学出版社). 2011: 166–167. ISBN 978-7-5659-0045-7. 
  3. ^ 章为等. 組織學與胚胎學. 四川大学出版社. 2005: 164–165. ISBN 7-5614-2971-1. 
  4. ^ Ali ES, Hua J, Wilson CH, Tallis GA, Zhou FH, Rychkov GY, Barritt GJ. The glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exendin-4 reverses impaired intracellular Ca2+ signalling in steatotic hepatocytes. BBA-Molecular Cell Research. 2016, 1863: 2135–46. PMID 27178543. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.006. 
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肝细胞
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