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喷出岩

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橄榄玄武岩,其中绿色斑晶为橄榄石

喷出岩是一种火成岩,也被称为火山岩,是由火山喷出的岩浆在地表迅速冷却凝固后形成的岩石,由于冷却速度很快,一般喷出岩的结构会形成细粒、隐晶,或形成玻璃质,经常包含有碎屑和斑晶;含有斑晶的称为“某某斑岩”,比如英安斑岩、流纹斑岩等等,岩石中及含有斑晶也含有碎屑,大些的碎屑则称为角砾。

喷出岩由于冷却很快,有时其中气体无法逸出,形成很小的气泡,最典型的如浮岩,由于含气量大,造成比重小,甚至能在中漂浮。

喷出岩中含量低的一般称为玄武岩,含硅量高的为流纹岩,此外硅含量中等的还有安山岩粗面岩英安岩等。火山喷出的火山灰和碎屑会形成凝灰岩。其实就是一一对应了超基性,基性,中性,酸性花岗岩岩浆化学成分对应的岩类:蛇绿岩套(辉长岩、辉绿岩等),闪长岩花岗闪长岩花岗岩。只是说在成因上一个是喷出岩,一个是潜伏岩。

构成中国漳州南碇岛的火山岩

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喷出岩
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