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庆伯利岩 .
金伯利岩 金伯利岩 (英语:Kimberlite ),亦音译作庆伯利岩 ,是一种火成岩 ,同时是金刚石 的母岩 ,因此寻找钻石矿通常由寻找金伯利岩开始。金伯利岩得名于其首次被发现的地点南非金伯利 ,1869年于此产出的83.5克拉(16.70g)钻石南非之星曾在该地引发一场钻石热。中国大陆过往曾译作角砾云母橄榄岩 。
尽管金伯利岩相对稀有,但因其作为钻石和石榴石 的橄榄岩 地幔 包体到达地球表面的载体而引起了人们的注意。它可能比任何其他火成岩类型都更深的深度,以及它在低二氧化硅 (SiO2 )含量和不相容的微量元素富集方面所反映的极端岩浆成分,使得了解金伯利岩成因变得重要。
形态学
许多金伯利岩结构被放置为胡萝卜状的垂直侵入体,称为“管道”。这种经典的胡萝卜形状是由于金伯利质岩浆的复杂侵入过程而形成的,它继承了系统中大量的二氧化碳(CO2 )和少量的H2 O,产生了深度爆炸沸腾阶段,导致大量垂直燃烧。金伯利岩分类是基于对不同岩相的识别。这些不同的岩相 与特定类型的岩浆活动有关,即火山口、火山岩和浅层岩。
从历史上看,金伯利岩被分为两个不同的品种,主要根据岩相观察被称为“玄武岩 ”和“云母岩”。这后来由CB史密斯修订,他根据这些岩石的同位素 标记将这些划分重新命名为“I组”和“II组”。RogerMitchell后来提出,这些I组和II组金伯利岩显示出如此明显的差异,以至于它们可能不像以前认为的那样密切相关。他表明,与I组金伯利岩相比,II组金伯利岩与菱镁矿 的亲缘关系更密切。因此,他将II组金伯利岩重新归类为橙岩,以防止混淆。[来源请求]
金伯利岩含有很多矿物,其化学成分表明它们是在地幔内的高压和高温下形成的。这些矿物,例如铬透辉石(辉石 )、铬尖晶石、镁钛铁矿和富含铬的辉石石榴石,在大多数其他火成岩中通常不存在,因此它们特别适合用作金伯利岩的指示矿物。
探勘钻石步骤
由钻出之岩柱中寻找,如有金伯利岩,则进一步大量开挖。探索频道 节目更进一步介绍投资公司花了几十万美元深钻地表,取出地层岩柱后却无发现庆伯利岩,故放弃在该地点挖掘钻石。
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