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司法机关

司法机关,又称司法机构司法部门,是政府机构之一,工作就是维护法律、确保法律正确执行、解决争议;但“司法”的具体定义和司法部门的权力在不同法制有些不同。

大陆法认为,司法是指法院或特定机关依照法定职权和程序,具体适用法律民事刑事案件进行聆讯审判

普通法认为,司法就是审判裁决。在普通法体制,只有司法部门具有对法律(包括宪法)的解释权

位于墨尔本的联邦法院大楼,是澳大利亚联邦巡回法院英语Federal Circuit Court of Australia澳大利亚联邦法院澳大利亚家庭法院英语Family Court of Australia的墨尔本分院,以及澳大利亚高等法院不定期开庭的地方。

大陆法

大陆法中,法院会对案件进行具体调查;法官会传召证人,盘问证人、被告等。法院有解释法律的权力,但不一定具有对法律的最终解释权。

另外,检察机关通常都是司法系统的一部分。

普通法

普通法法制中,法院不会对案件进行具体调查。法官裁判官的角色只是确保原告人(在刑事案件中则是代表政府律师)和被告人能公平地提出自己的论据,并作出判决。如果被告人被控告的是严重罪行(如谋杀强奸等),有些地区(如香港英国美国)是由陪审团决定被告是否有罪,法官只负责决定处罚方式。在普通法系中,只有法院有解释法律的权力,而法院对法律的解释和判案,都对以后的同类诉讼有约束力,成为案例法

另外,检控机关通常都是行政系统的一部分。

职能

司法机构最主要的职能就是行使司法权,即通过公共强制力维持社会秩序,进行利益仲裁,在有些国家也包括对宪法和法律的解释权。

司法机构根据法律审理案件,解决法律冲突。远东法系强调在对争端和法律冲突裁决时注重社会影响,维持社会稳定。而西方法系,则更为认可个人和团体在对抗性的司法过程中胜诉[1]

司法权由法院履行。有些国家设有检察机关行使司法监督权。

参考文献

  1. ^ 布莱克维尔政治学百科全书. 中国政法大学出版社. 1992: 377. 

参见

延伸阅读

  • Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1998). The Nature of the Judicial Process. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Feinberg, Kenneth, Jack Kress, Gary McDowell, and Warren E. Burger (1986). The High Cost and Effect of Litigation, 3 vols.
  • Frank, Jerome (1985). Law and the Modern Mind. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library.
  • Levi, Edward H. (1949) An Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Marshall, Thurgood (2001). Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
  • McCloskey, Robert G., and Sanford Levinson (2005). The American Supreme Court, 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Miller, Arthur S. (1985). Politics, Democracy and the Supreme Court: Essays on the Future of Constitutional Theory. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Sandefur, Timothy. Judiciary. Hamowy, Ronald (编). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute: 265–67. 2008 [2018-08-24]. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n160. (原始内容存档于2020-09-30). 
  • Tribe, Laurence (1985). God Save This Honorable Court: How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices Shapes Our History. New York: Random House.
  • Zelermyer, William (1977). The Legal System in Operation. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.

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司法机关
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