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宾格

宾格拉丁语casus accusativus;英语:accusative case,缩写: ACC),又称对格德语俄语语法称之为第四格,表示一个动词直接宾语的名词或一个前置词宾语

主宾格语言有宾格,其中包括拉丁语希腊语德语俄语芬兰语维吾尔语蒙古语满语土耳其语冰岛语、古典阿拉伯语波兰语匈牙利语捷克语斯洛伐克语克罗地亚语塞尔维亚语阿尔巴尼亚语羌语锡伯语鄂伦春语赫哲语韩语藏语(通过变化施动者为具格而间接体现宾格)等等。世界语也用名词变格表达宾格。

不通过变格体现宾格的语言,则会使用虚词语序来表达这个意义。例如:汉语英语荷兰语法语意大利语西班牙语葡萄牙语泰语越南语等等。

例如,名词词尾变化较少的英语,在少数一些代词中存在宾格(例如whomwho的宾格形式;himhe的宾格形式)。但是在英文的名词中,主格和宾格形式完全一致,没有任何变化,因此必须通过“SVO”的结构,区分主语和宾语。德语或拉丁语就不需要这样。

举例来说,“The hunter kills the tiger.(猎人杀死老虎。)”与“The tiger kills the hunter.(老虎杀死猎人。)”此二句中,主语及宾语完全是由语序的正反区别的(和汉语一致),因此这两句的主宾相反是因为语序相反造成的。

以德语举例,“Der Jäger tötet den Tiger.”与“Den Tiger tötet der Jäger.”(语意同上)此二句中,主语及宾语是由名词的变格(在此二句中体现在冠词上)区别的,因此这两句的主宾相反不是因为语序相反造成的,而是名词的格位不同造成的。因为在德语中,将这两句话颠倒,意思也完全不变(和汉语相反):“Den Tiger tötet der Jäger.”与“Den Jäger tötet der Tiger.”这两句话的意思分别和前述两句话意义相同。

在英语里,who / whom和he / him在不仅仅是主格和宾格的关系,也是主格和与格的关系(例如:“I gave him the present.”);在古英语中有很明显的区分,him是与格,hine是宾格,这个双重性使得很多学习英语的学生没有意识到英语中宾格和与格的不同。

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宾格
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