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十二岁长卵蛋

十二岁长卵蛋(西班牙语:güevedoce)是一种罕见的人类性别分化多元性第三性别),在出生时,生殖器外观为女性,但在青春期会发育出男性生殖器。这是由于这些人虽然有XY性染色体(通常会发育为男性)但体内的5α还原酶浓度低于平常,造成体内较一般男性有较少的二氢睾酮[1][2][3][4][5]

这个性别目前已在多米尼加共和国巴布亚新几内亚[6]土耳其[7]发现。当地文化视之为第三性别,然而这些文化只承认两种性别角色[6]

名称

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多米尼加的称呼güevedoce是西班牙语的俚语,字面意思是“卵蛋(güeve)十二(doce)”。在巴布亚新几内亚的Sambia民族称之为kwolu-aatmwol,意思是“女的变成男的”[6]

生理机制

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1970年代西方科学家首次研究此现象,康奈尔大学内分泌学家Julianne Imperato-McGinley前往多米尼加的拉斯萨利纳斯研究此事[8],确定其成因是5α还原酶浓度较低所造成,将研究结果发表在1974年的《科学》杂志上。在拉斯萨利纳斯,每 90 名男性中就有 1 位是十二岁长卵蛋[9]

人类在胚胎发育时,5α还原酶负责将睾酮还原为二氢睾酮,二氢睾酮进一步造成男性性器官的发育,而睾酮主要则在青春期促进第二性征。因此,具有XY 染色体的人如果在出生时缺乏5α还原酶,就不会在胚胎时期发育出男性性器官,而具有女性生殖器的外观;但在青春期,体内产生大量睾酮时,第二性征就会发育,从而产生男性外观。[10]

文化

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有别于欧美和东亚倾向用性别重置手术间性改为男性或女性,多米尼加和巴布亚新几内亚将十二岁长卵蛋视为正常的第三性别,用介于男性和女性之间的态度与他们互动。多米尼加文化中会庆祝他们在青春期由女童转变为男人。[6]

医学贡献

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对十二岁长卵蛋的研究让科学家得以确立睾酮、二氢睾酮、以及5α还原酶的功能。并进一步开发出5α还原酶的拮抗剂,作为药物治疗二氢睾酮造成的病症,包括雄性秃青春痘、以及摄护腺肥大[10]

参考资料

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  1. ^ The extraordinary case of the Guevedoces. BBC. 20 September 2015 [2023-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-23). 
  2. ^ Баринова, Анастасия. Девочки превращаются в мальчиков: доминиканский феномен. National Geographic Russia. 4 September 2018 [2023-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-27) (俄语). 
  3. ^ Knapton, Sarah. The astonishing village where little girls turn into boys aged 12. The Telegraph. 20 September 2015 [2023-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-23). 
  4. ^ Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Buckner, Camille E. The Psychology of Sex and Gender. SAGE. 2018 [2023-10-24]. ISBN 9781506331324. (原始内容存档于2023-05-16). 
  5. ^ Pou, Jackie. The World of Intersex Children and One Person's Journey Between Two Sexes. ABC News. 4 March 2015 [2023-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-30). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Fausto-Sterling, Anne. Sexing the Body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality 1st. New York, NY: Basic Books. 2000: 109. ISBN 0465077145. 
  7. ^ Jong, Diana Mettadewi. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency: a case report. Indonesian Pediatric Society. 2016, 43 (6): 234–240 [24 October 2020]. doi:10.14238/pi43.6.2003.234-40可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2020-10-28). 
  8. ^ The 'Guevedoces' of the Dominican Republic, Urological Sciences Research Foundation, [August 23, 2019], (原始内容存档于2021-08-06) 
  9. ^ Imperato-McGinley, Julianne; Guerrero, Luis; Gautier, Teofilo; Peterson, Ralph Edward. Steroid 5alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism. Science. December 1974, 186 (4170): 1213–1215. Bibcode:1974Sci...186.1213I. PMID 4432067. S2CID 36427689. doi:10.1126/science.186.4170.1213. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Press, Case. 因為奇特的「青春期自動變性」,科學家找到了治療攝護腺肥大的妙方. CASE 报科学. 2022-02-23 [2023-10-24] (中文(台湾)). 
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十二岁长卵蛋
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