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痤疮

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痤疮
同义词寻常性痤疮 又称青春痘
Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
一名18岁青春期男性的寻常性痤疮
症状黑头、白头、疙瘩、油性皮肤、留疤[1][2]
并发症焦虑[3][4]
起病年龄青春期[5]
类型sebaceous gland disease[*]疾病
风险因素遗传学[2]
鉴别诊断毛囊炎酒槽鼻、化脓性汗腺炎、痱子[6]
治疗改变生活方式、药物、医疗程序[7][8]
药物壬二酸过氧化苯甲酰水杨酸抗生素口服避孕药异维A酸[8]
患病率6.33亿(2015)[9]
分类和外部资源
医学专科皮肤病学
ICD-11ED80
ICD-10L70
ICD-9-CM706.0
OMIM604324
DiseasesDB10765
MedlinePlus000873
eMedicine1069804
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

cuóacne),也称寻常性痤疮拉丁语acne vulgaris)、青春痘,俗称痘痘,是一种毛囊皮脂腺的慢性感染性疾病,在毛囊被死皮细胞和来自皮肤的油脂堵塞且感染时出现[10]。临床表现可为丘疹、脓疱、结节、囊肿及瘢痕[1][2][11]。好发于青春期男女的脸部、胸部上部和背部含皮脂腺数量相对较多的部位[12][3][4]

粉刺(comedo)是痤疮的前身,当痤疮丙酸杆菌Cutibacterium acnes[13]引起粉刺的毛囊感染,则称为痤疮。

病因与病理生理学

80%的病例中认为遗传因素是主要病因[2] 。饮食和吸烟的作用尚不清楚,皮肤是否干净、是否暴露在阳光下与痤疮的形成无关[2][14][15]。在青春期,痤疮通常都是由睾固酮的增加引起[5] 。目前发现痤疮均有痤疮丙酸杆菌感染[5]

一般痤疮的形成,有以下几个因素,但最终原因都是皮脂分泌过多和堵塞引起的:

  • 皮脂腺发达:排出过多皮脂,油脂腺发达的人不容易肥胖但更容易得粉刺
  • 饮食:高升糖食物被发现对痤疮的严重程度有所影响[7][16][17]。多个研究显示低升糖食物能有效减少痤疮[16]。虽然大众常认为多油脂和刺激性的食物容易引发痤疮,但目前没有证据可以确定两者之间的关联[18]
  • 内分泌失调:内分泌失调使得皮脂分泌过多,此与睡眠,休息,压力和情绪有关
  • 毛囊角质化(Follicular hyperkeratinization):毛囊角质化导致皮脂腺的分泌物无法排出,进而导致毛囊破裂,发炎细胞浸润(inflammatory cells infiltration)
  • 皮脂腺过度分泌:过多的雄性或䧳性激素(Androgen)导致皮脂腺分泌过分旺盛。此与个人先天体质、后天环境有关。
  • 痤疮丙酸杆菌孳生(proliferation and colonization):痤疮丙酸杆菌将皮脂固化,促进发炎反应
  • 发炎物质(inflammatory mediators)的释出:痤疮丙酸杆菌分解皮脂腺分泌的三酸甘油脂脂肪酸,促进了发炎反应

症状

表现

  • 毛囊分泌过多油脂。
  • 黑头白头(痤疮前期,见粉刺):两者都是非炎性的,由皮脂过多引起。前者由于存在开口,表面油脂被空气氧化而呈黑色;后者没有开口,故皮脂保持白色
  • 丘疹
  • 结节
结节性痤疮的严重个案,颜面
结节性痤疮,背部

后遗症

  • 疤痕:凹陷,沟痕,水痘样
  • 色素沉淀

预防与治疗

痤疮有许多治疗方法可供选择,包括改变生活方式、药物和医疗程序。少吃食糖单糖可能会对病情有所帮助[7]外敷壬二酸过氧化苯甲酰水杨酸是常用的治疗手段[8]抗生素和维生素A酸可用于口服治疗痤疮[8]

然而,抗生素治疗可能会对抗生素产生耐药性[19]。若干种避孕药对女性的痤疮有治疗效果[8]。由于口服维生素A酸会有较大的副作用,因此只建议严重的痤疮患者使用[8]。医疗界的一些人士倡导尽早积极地治疗,以减轻痤疮对患者的长远影响[4]

  • 粉刺和遗留症状只要坚持保持良好的习惯一段时间(一至两个月)可以自然消退[来源请求]
  • 避免食用高热量特别是含有较多油脂的食物[来源请求]
  • 每天至少一至两次的温水洗脸,将皮肤表面的油脂洗净

治疗药物

治疗药物一般有外用口服两种剂型:
疗程视病患严重程度,从4周到半年以上不等。各类处方药需遵照医嘱使用。

抗生素疗法

抗生素来杀死皮脂腺中的痤疮丙酸杆菌,使其无法分解三酸甘油脂脂肪酸,进而减少发炎反应。第一线通常使用四环素类抗生素(例如:四环霉素, 去氧羟四环素, 米诺环素),如产生抗药性则使用第二线克林霉素(Clindamycin)类,再有抗药性则使用第三线磺胺(Baktar)类药物。

激素疗法

适用于以成年女性为主的亚型。通常使用螺内酯(Spironolactone)类利尿剂、口服避孕药以调整体内失调的激素

异维A酸

异维A酸(Isotretinoin)可以促使皮脂腺萎缩,从最根本治疗痤疮。并且有杀菌、抗发炎等效果。不过皮脂腺萎缩属于不可逆的过程,故虽然效果最强,但属最后一线疗法,非不得已不轻易使用。

病灶内糖皮质激素

病灶内糖皮质激素(Intralesional Glucocorticoids,俗称“痘痘针”),属于类固醇类药物。直接注射病灶处,可以快速缓解患处的发炎反应。

流行病学

据估计,2015年,痤疮在全球范围内影响6.33亿人,成为了全球第八大常见疾病[9][20]。痤疮常发生于青少年时期,约80–90%西方世界的青少年患有痤疮[21][22][23]。在乡下患痤疮的比例则较低[23][24]。儿童和成人在青春期前后都有可能患病[25]。虽然成人罹患痤疮不太常见,但患者中近半数直至20岁或30岁都还持续发生痤疮,有一少部分人甚至到40岁都还为此感到困扰[2]

参考文献

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  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Bhate, K; Williams, HC. Epidemiology of acne vulgaris. The British Journal of Dermatology (Review). March 2013, 168 (3): 474–85. PMID 23210645. doi:10.1111/bjd.12149. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Barnes, LE. Quality of life measures for acne patients. Dermatologic Clinics (Review). April 2012, 30 (2): 293–300. PMID 22284143. doi:10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001. 
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  6. ^ Kahan, Scott. In a Page: Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008: 412 [2017-06-15]. ISBN 9780781770354. (原始内容存档于2017-12-14) (英语). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mahmood, SN; Bowe, WP. Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology: JDD (Review). April 2014, 13 (4): 428–35. PMID 24719062. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Titus, S; Hodge, J. Diagnosis and treatment of acne. American Family Physician (Review). October 2012, 86 (8): 734–40 [2015-04-05]. PMID 23062156. (原始内容存档于2015-02-18). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 8 October 2016, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMID 27733282. 
  10. ^ Aslam, I. Emerging drugs for the treatment of acne. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs (Review). March 2015, 20 (1): 91–101. PMID 25474485. doi:10.1517/14728214.2015.990373. 需付费查阅
  11. ^ Tuchayi, SM; Makrantonaki, E; Ganceviciene, R; Dessinioti, C; Feldman, SR; Zouboulis, CC. Acne vulgaris. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. September 2015: 15033. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.33. 
  12. ^ Frequently Asked Questions: Acne (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Public Health and Science, Office on Women's Health. July 2009 [30 July 2009]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-10). 
  13. ^ 许德田 郑捷 王秀丽. 痤疮丙酸杆菌更名为Cutibacterium acnes相关问题的探讨[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2020, 53(11): 948-949.doi:10.35541/cjd.20190509
  14. ^ Knutsen-Larson, S; Dawson, AL; Dunnick, CA; Dellavalle, RP. Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment. Dermatologic Clinics (Review). January 2012, 30 (1): 99–106. PMID 22117871. doi:10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001. 
  15. ^ Schnopp, C; Mempel, M. Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents. Minerva Pediatrica (Review). August 2011, 63 (4): 293–304. PMID 21909065. 
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痤疮
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