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元数学

元数学(英语:Metamathematics),又译为超数学,使用数学技术来研究数学本身的一门学科。一般来说,元数学是一种将数学作为人类意识文化客体科学思维知识。更进一步来说,元数学是一种用来研究数学和数学哲学的数学。“数学的数学”是于19世纪初由通常的数学分离出来的,它最初研究的对象是在所谓的数学危机。将二者混为一谈会导致一些矛盾,典型例子有理查德悖论

比如说,元数学的主题之一就是:分析某些数学要素是否在任意的数学系统中都是可证实或者证伪的。

许多关于数学基础与数学哲学的论说都涉及元数学的概念,它们往往不能被当作我们通常所说的“问题”来处理。元数学的基本假设是:数学的内容可以由一个形式系统获得,比如一个序理论或一个公理化集合论。

元数学与数理逻辑休戚相关,因而这两者的发展也大同小异。元数学的发端大概要追溯到弗雷格的工作:《概念文字》。大卫·希尔伯特首先引进了带有正则性的“元数学”(metamathematics with regularity)这一说法(见希尔伯特计划)。这也就是现在所说的证明论。另一个重要的现代分支是模型论。这一领域的其他重要人物有:伯特兰·罗素,斯科尔姆(Thoralf Skolem),普斯特(Emil Post),邱奇克莱尼蒯因,贝纳瑟拉夫(Paul Benacerraf),普特南,柴汀(Gregory Chaitin),以及最著名的塔斯基哥德尔。特别地,哥德尔证明了:给定任意有限多条皮亚诺算术的公理,都存在一些正确的命题,无法用所给公理来证明,即所谓的哥德尔不完备定理。某种意义上来说,这一结果是迄今为止元数学与数学哲学的最高成就。

参考资料

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元数学
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