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伤寒疫苗

伤寒疫苗
疫苗说明
目标伤寒
临床资料
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa607028
ATC码
识别信息
ChemSpider
  • none

伤寒疫苗(Typhoid vaccines)是用于预防伤寒疫苗。有两种疫苗类型可广泛使用:Ty21a英语Ty21a(口服减毒性病毒)和纯化Vi多糖疫苗英语Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine(注射型蛋白质亚基疫苗)[1]。注射疫苗后,有30%到80%的接种者,效果能够持续三年[2]

世界卫生组织(WHO)建议在伤寒流行的疫区,所有孩童都应该接受疫苗接种[1]。高感染风险的人也建议进行接种[1]。 疫苗接种也可以被用在控制爆发中的疫情[1]。 取决于疫苗,每3至7年建议追加施打一剂[1]。在美国,疫苗只建议给在那些处于高风险的人,像是要去那些疫区旅游前的旅客[3]

当前的疫苗非常安全。[1]在注射部位可能会出现轻微的副作用。[1]艾滋病患者的注射疫苗是安全的,而且只要症状不存在,口服疫苗就可以使用[1]。怀孕期间使用口服疫苗的安全性尚不清楚。

1896年,阿尔姆罗思·赖特英语Almroth Edward Wright理查德·菲佛英语Richard Pfeiffer威廉·科勒英语Wilhelm Kolle共同开发了第一支伤寒疫苗[4]。新剂型的副作用相对较小[1]。伤寒疫苗列名于世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中,为基础公卫体系必备医疗药品之一[5]。在2014年,发展中国家每剂的批发价大概要4.44美元;在美国,一剂要则价约25到50元美金[6]

医疗用途

Ty21a英语Ty21a纯化Vi多糖疫苗英语Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine(Vi)可以有效预防伤寒的感染,且不良反应率低[2]。更新的疫苗像是伤寒Vi结合疫苗(Vi-rEPA)似乎前景可期[2]

Ty21a英语Ty21a接种后两年预防了三分之一到二分之一的伤寒病例,但到第三年就没有效益[2]。注射纯化Vi多糖疫苗英语Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine第一年预防了约三分之二的伤寒病例,到第三年累计有55%的功效。五岁以下的儿童都不能接种疫苗[7]Vi-rEPA结合疫苗英语Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine,一种可注射的新结合形式Vi疫苗,可能会更有效并能防止五岁以下儿童的疾病[8]。在越南二至五岁儿童的试验中,疫苗在第一年有超过90%的效力,保护效果至少持续四年。

接种时程

接种时程视疫苗的配方而定,可以从两岁或五岁开始施打[1]。各国的主管机构建议每三到七年追加一剂[1]纯化Vi多糖疫苗英语Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine每三年追加一剂,Ty21a英语Ty21a每七年追加一剂[1]Ty21a英语Ty21a在两岁以上即可开始接种[1]。美国建议每两年追加一剂[9]。伤寒Vi多糖疫苗可以从两岁以上的年龄开始使用,建议每五年追加一剂[10]

种类

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper. (PDF). Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire / Section d'hygiene du Secretariat de la Societe des Nations = Weekly epidemiological record / Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations. 2008-02-08, 83 (6): 49–59 [2017-10-01]. PMID 18260212. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-04-02). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Anwar, E; Goldberg, E; Fraser, A; Acosta, CJ; Paul, M; Leibovici, L. Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2014-01-02, 1: CD001261. PMID 24385413. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub3. 
  3. ^ Typhoid VIS. CDC. 2012-05-29 [2015-12-15]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-08). 
  4. ^ Flower, Darren R. Bioinformatics for Vaccinology.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 2008: 40–41 [2017-10-01]. ISBN 9780470699829. (原始内容存档于2015-12-22). 
  5. ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [2016-12-08]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-13). 
  6. ^ Hamilton, Richart. Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2015: 317. ISBN 9781284057560. 
  7. ^ Szu, SC. Development of Vi conjugate - a new generation of typhoid vaccine.. Expert review of vaccines. November 2013, 12 (11): 1273–86. PMID 24156285. doi:10.1586/14760584.2013.845529. 
  8. ^ Lin, FY; Ho, VA; Khiem, HB; Trach, DD; Bay, PV; Thanh, TC; Kossaczka, Z; Bryla, DA; Shiloach, J; Robbins, JB; Schneerson, R; Szu, SC. The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children.. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001-04-26, 344 (17): 1263–9. PMID 11320385. doi:10.1056/nejm200104263441701. 
  9. ^ Archived copy. [2015-12-15]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-08). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Helfand, Carley. PaxVax joins the marketed vaccines club with Crucell typhoid buy. FierceVaccines. [2017-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-02). 
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伤寒疫苗
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