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倒数和发散

加性组合英语Additive combinatorics数学中,倒数和发散正整数

是元素倒数级数和发散的集合,即满足

下文简称“大集”。与之相反,倒数和收敛的集合,元素倒数和有限,下文简称“小集”。

如此区分集合的大小,见于蒙兹-萨斯定理英语Müntz–Szász theorem埃尔德什等差数列猜想

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如无另外声明,集合皆由正整数构成。

  • 有限集必为小集。
  • 全体正整数集是大集。换言之,全体正整数的倒数和(称为调和级数)发散。推而广之,任何等差数列(即形如的集合,其中皆为正整数)皆是大集。
  • 全体平方数的集合是小集(其倒数和)。立方数四次方数等亦然。更一般地,任何二次以上的正整数系数多项式取值的集合必为小集。
  • 的幂组成的集合是小集。对任何等比数列(即形如的集合,其中皆为正整数,且)也有同样的结论。
  • 质数集已证明为大集(见素数的倒数之和)。相反,孪生质数集已证明为小集(见布朗常数),不过仍未知是否有无穷多对孪生质数。
  • 虽然质数集为大,质数真幂(即,其中为质数)的集合为小。此性质常用于解析数论。一般地,完全次方数的集合为小,甚至全体幂数(质因子皆高于一次的数)亦组成小集。
  • 任意b进制下,不含某数字的数的集合也是小集。例如十进制中,不含数字7的数集是小集。此类集合的倒数和称为肯普纳级数
  • 若集合的上密度非零,则必为大。

性质

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未解问题

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艾狄胥提出一个著名问题,问不含任意长度等差数列的集合,是否必为小集。他为此悬赏3000美元,高于自己其他猜想英语Erdős conjectures,还开玩笑称赏金违反最低工资法。[1]后来,悬赏升至5000美元。[2]截至2021年,问题仍然未解。

一般地,给定某集合的定义,很难分辨该集合是大是小。仍有许多集合的倒数和未知是否收敛。

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Carl Pomerance. Paul Erdős, Number Theorist Extraordinaire (Part of the article The Mathematics of Paul Erdős) [艾狄胥,出类拔萃的数论家(〈艾狄胥的数学〉之一节)] (PDF). Notices of the AMS. 1998-01 [2021-11-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-13) (英语). 
  2. ^ Soifer, Alexander. The Mathematical Coloring Book: Mathematics of Coloring and the Colorful Life of its Creators [数学涂色书:涂色的数学、开创者的缤纷生活]. New York: Springer. 2008: 354. ISBN 978-0-387-74640-1 (英语). 
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倒数和发散
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