Isotopen van thorium
Het chemisch element thorium (Th), met een atoommassa van 232,03806(2) u, bezit geen stabiele isotopen en wordt dus geclassificeerd als radioactief element. De 29 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halfwaardetijd (de meeste minder dan een seconde).
In de natuur komen sporen van de radio-isotopen 227Th, 228Th, 230Th, 231Th en 234Th voor. De isotoop 232Th, met een halfwaardetijd van meer dan 14 miljard jaar, komt echter het meest voor: de natuurlijke abundantie bedraagt quasi 100%. Daarom zou thorium beschouwd kunnen worden als een mononuclidisch element.
De kortstlevende isotoop van thorium is 209Th, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 7 milliseconden. De langstlevende is 232Th, met een halfwaardetijd van 14,05 miljard jaar.
Overzicht
[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]| Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
| 209Th | 90 | 119 | 209,01772(11) | 7(5) ms | 5/2− | ||||
| 210Th | 90 | 120 | 210,015075(27) | 17(11) ms | α | 206Ra | 0+ | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 210Ac | ||||||||
| 211Th | 90 | 121 | 211,01493(8) | 48(20) ms | α | 207Ra | 5/2− | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 211Ac | ||||||||
| 212Th | 90 | 122 | 212,01298(2) | 36(15) ms | α (99,7%) | 208Ra | 0+ | ||
| β+ (0,3%) | 212Ac | ||||||||
| 213Th | 90 | 123 | 213,01301(8) | 140(25) ms | α | 209Ra | 5/2− | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 213Ac | ||||||||
| 214Th | 90 | 124 | 214,011500(18) | 100(25) ms | α | 210Ra | 0+ | ||
| 215Th | 90 | 125 | 215,011730(29) | 1,2(2) s | α | 211Ra | (1/2−) | ||
| 216Th | 90 | 126 | 216,011062(14) | 26,8(3) ms | α (99,99%) | 212Ra | 0+ | ||
| β+ (0,006%) | 216Ac | ||||||||
| 216m1Th | 2042(13) keV | 137(4) µs | (8+) | ||||||
| 216m2Th | 2637(20) keV | 615(55) ns | (11−) | ||||||
| 217Th | 90 | 127 | 217,013114(22) | 240(5) µs | α | 213Ra | (9/2+) | ||
| 218Th | 90 | 128 | 218,013284(14) | 109(13) ns | α | 214Ra | 0+ | ||
| 219Th | 90 | 129 | 219,01554(5) | 1,05(3) µs | α | 215Ra | 9/2+ | ||
| β+ (10−7%) | 219Ac | ||||||||
| 220Th | 90 | 130 | 220,015748(24) | 9,7(6) µs | α | 216Ra | 0+ | ||
| EV (2 × 10−7%) | 220Ac | ||||||||
| 221Th | 90 | 131 | 221,018184(10) | 1,73(3) ms | α | 217Ra | (7/2+) | ||
| 222Th | 90 | 132 | 222,018468(13) | 2,237(13) ms | α | 218Ra | 0+ | ||
| EV (1,3 × 10−8%) | 222Ac | ||||||||
| 223Th | 90 | 133 | 223,020811(10) | 0,60(2) s | α | 219Ra | 5/2+ | ||
| 224Th | 90 | 134 | 224,021467(12) | 1,05(2) s | α | 220Ra | 0+ | ||
| β+β+ (zelden) | 224Ra | ||||||||
| 225Th | 90 | 135 | 225,023951(5) | 8,72(4) min | α (90%) | 221Ra | 3/2+ | ||
| EV (10%) | 225Ac | ||||||||
| 226Th | 90 | 136 | 226,024903(5) | 30,57(10) min | α | 222Ra | 0+ | ||
| 227Th | 90 | 137 | 227,0277041(27) | 18,68(9) dagen | α | 223Ra | 1/2+ | sporen | |
| 228Th | 90 | 138 | 228,0287411(24) | 1,9116(16) jaar | α | 224Ra | 0+ | sporen | |
| CV (1,3 × 10−11%) | 208Pb, 20O | ||||||||
| 229Th | 90 | 139 | 229,031762(3) | 7,34(16) × 103 jaar | α | 225Ra | 5/2+ | ||
| 229mTh | 0,0076(5) keV | 70(50) uur | IT | 229Th | 3/2+ | ||||
| 230Th | 90 | 140 | 230,0331338(19) | 7,538(30) × 104 jaar | α | 226Ra | 0+ | sporen | |
| CV (5,6 × 10−11%) | 206Hg, 24Ne | ||||||||
| SS (5 × 10−11%) | |||||||||
| 231Th | 90 | 141 | 231,0363043(19) | 25,52(1) uur | β− | 231Pa | 5/2+ | sporen | |
| α (10−8%) | 227Ra | ||||||||
| 232Th | 90 | 142 | 232,0380553(21) | 1,405(6) × 1010 jaar | α | 228Ra | 0+ | 1,0000 | |
| β−β− (zelden) | 232U | ||||||||
| SS (1,1 × 10−9%) | |||||||||
| CV (2,78 × 10−10%) | 182Yb, 26Ne, 24Ne | ||||||||
| 233Th | 90 | 143 | 233,0415818(21) | 21,83(4) min | β− | 233Pa | 1/2+ | ||
| 234Th | 90 | 144 | 234,043601(4) | 24,10(3) d | β− | 234Pa | 0+ | sporen | |
| 235Th | 90 | 145 | 235,04751(5) | 7,2(1) min | β− | 235Pa | (1/2+) | ||
| 236Th | 90 | 146 | 236,04987(21) | 37,5(2) min | β− | 236Pa | 0+ | ||
| 237Th | 90 | 147 | 237,05389(39) | 4,8(5) min | β− | 237Pa | 5/2+ | ||
| 238Th | 90 | 148 | 238,0565(3) | 9,4(20) min | β− | 238Pa | 0+ | ||
Overzicht van isotopen per element
[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]| 1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
| 2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
| 3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| 5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| 6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| 7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
| Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- (en) R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (online versie van de cd-rom)
- (en) G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- (en) J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- (en) M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- (en) David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.), hoofdstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859
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