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Unsur kala 4

Unsur kala 4 merupakan kala unsur kimia yang terkandung dalam baris keempat (sistem IUPAC) jadual berkala unsur. Kala keempat ini mengandungi sebanyak 18 unsur iaitu kalium (K), kalsium (Ca), skandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), kromium (Cr), mangan (Mn), Besi (Fe), kobalt (Co), nikel (Ni), kuprum (Cu), zink (Zn), galium (Ga), germanium (Ge), arsenik (As), selenium (Se), bromin (Br) dan kripton (Kr). Dari segi penerangan berdasarkan mekanik kuantum bagi struktur atom, kala ini menyerupai pengisian orbital 3d, 4s dan 4p. Unsur kala 4 mematuhi hukum oktet di mana mereka memerlukan 8 elektron yang diisi dalam petala valensnya untuk mencapai kestabilan. Jumlah maksimum elektron yang boleh diterima dan diisi dalam semua petala bagi unsur kala ini ialah 36 (1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6). Situasi ini boleh diterangkan berdasarkan teori moden struktur atom. Semua unsur dalam kumpulan ini mempunyai 4 petala yang berisi elektron.

Unsur kimia dalam kala 4
Kumpulan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Nombor atom
Nama
19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
konf.-e-
semua bermula dengan [Ar]
4s1 4s2 3d14s2 3d24s2 3d34s2 3d54s1 3d54s2 3d64s2 3d74s2 3d84s2 3d104s1 3d104s2 3d104s24p1 3d104s24p2 3d104s24p3 3d104s24p4 3d104s24p5 3d104s24p6

Lihat juga

[sunting | sunting sumber]


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Unsur kala 4
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