Krisis Kongo
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Krisis Kongo (bahasa Prancis: Crise congolaise) adalah masa kebangkitan politik dan konflik di Republik Kongo (sekarang Republik Demokratik Kongo)[c] antara 1960 dan 1965. Krisis tersebut dimulai setelah Kongo merdeka dari Belgia, dan berakhir, secara tak resmi, dengan seluruh negara tersebut berada di bawah kekuasaan Joseph-Désiré Mobutu. Diwarnai dengan serangkaian perang saudara, Krisis Kongo juga merupakan konflik proksi dalam Perang Dingin dimana Uni Soviet dan Amerika Serikat mendukung faksi-faksi yang berseberangan. Sekitar 100,000 orang diyakini tewas pada krisis tersebut.
Catatan dan referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ OPBBK, Operasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kongo, meliputi para pasukan dari Ghana, Tunisia, Maroko, Ethiopia, Irlandia, Guinea, Swedia, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Kanada, India, Indonesia, Republik Arab Bersatu dan lain-lain.[1]
- ^ Sekesi Katanga dan Kasai Selatan juga didukung oleh Afrika Selatan, Prancis dan negara tetangganya Federasi Afrika Tengah.[2] Namun, negara tersebut tak pernah secara resmi diakui oleh negara lain.[3]
- ^ Tidak sama dengan negara tetangganya yang dikenal sebagai Republik Kongo, dulunya Kongo Prancis, dengan ibukotanya di Brazzaville. Nama negara tersebut diubah menjadi Republik Demokratik Kongo pada Agustus 1964.[5]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Haskin 2005, hlm. 24–5.
- ^ Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007, hlm. 101.
- ^ Nugent 2004, hlm. 97.
- ^ Mwakikagile 2014, hlm. 72.
- ^ EISA 2002a.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- "1961: Lumumba Rally Clashes with UK Police". On this Day. BBC. 19 February 2008. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
- "Belgium link in Lumumba death". BBC. 16 November 2001. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2014.
- Boulden, Jane (2001). Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia (edisi ke-1st). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96906-1.
- Borstelmann, Thomas (1993). Apartheid, Colonialism, and the Cold War: the United States and Southern Africa, 1945–1952. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507942-6.
- Braeckman, Colette (2 January 2007). "Antoine Gizenga ou la revanche de l'histoire". Le Soir. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
- "DRC: Background to the 1965 election". Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-25. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
- "DRC: Constitutional Crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe". Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-25. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
- Fox, Renee C.; Craemer, Willy, de; Ribeaucourt, Jean-Marie (October 1965). ""The Second Independence": A Case Study of the Kwilu Rebellion in the Congo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 8 (1): 78–109. doi:10.1017/s0010417500003911. JSTOR 177537.
- Freund, Bill (1998). The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800 (edisi ke-2nd). Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69872-3.
- Gendebien, Paul-Henry (1967). L'Intervention Des Nations Unies Au Congo. 1960–1964. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-113787-2.
- Gibbs, David N. (July 1996). "Misrepresenting the Congo Crisis". African Affairs. 95 (380): 453–9. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007743. JSTOR 723578.
- Gleijeses, Piero (April 1994). ""Flee! The White Giants Are Coming!": The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–65" (PDF). Diplomatic History. 18 (2): 207–37. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x. ISSN 0145-2096. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-01-21. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-29.
- Gondola, Didier (2002). The History of Congo. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-31696-8.
- Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005). The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN 0-87586-416-3.
- Jullien, Maud (11 August 2013). "Katanga: Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede". BBC Africa. BBC. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2014.
- Meredith, Martin (1984). The First Dance of Freedom: Black Africa in the Postwar Era (edisi ke-1st US). London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-11340-0.
- Mockler, Anthony (1986). "Soldiers of Fortune: 5 Commando, the Congo 1964–65". 1 (6). Orbis. The Elite. hlm. 116–120. ISSN 0030-4387.
- Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2014). Statecraft and Nation Building in Africa: A Post-colonial Study. Dar es Salaam: New Africa Press. ISBN 978-9987-16-039-6.
- Nugent, Paul (2004). Africa since Independence: A Comparative History. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-333-68273-9.
- Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2007). The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (edisi ke-3rd). New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-84277-053-5.
- Pakenham, Thomas (1992). The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 (edisi ke-13th). London: Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-10449-2.
- Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo (2007). The Congo: Plunder and Resistance. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-485-4.
- Struelens, Michel (1978). The United Nations in the Congo, Or O.N.U.C., and International Politics (edisi ke-1st). Brussels: Max Arnold. OCLC 2618699.
- Turner, Thomas (2007). The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality (edisi ke-2nd). London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-688-9.
- United Nations Security Council. "UN Resolution 169". United Nations Documents. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
- Verhaegen, Benoît (1967). "Les rébellions populaires au Congo en 1964" (PDF). Cahiers d'études africaines. 7 (26): 345–59. doi:10.3406/cea.1967.3100. ISSN 0008-0055. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-29.
- Whelan, Michael (2006). The Battle of Jadotville: Irish Soldiers in Combat in the Congo 1961 (pdf). Dublin: South Dublin Libraries. ISBN 978-0-9547660-6-1.
- Wood, J. R. T. (2005). So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-4952-8.
- Zeilig, Leo (2008). Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader. London: Haus. ISBN 978-1-905791-02-6.
Bacaan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- De Witte, Ludo (2002). The Assassination of Lumumba (edisi ke-Trans.). London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-410-3.
- Gérard-Libois, Jules (1966). Katanga Secession. Trans. Young, Rebecca. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. OCLC 477435.
- Hughes, Matthew (September 2003). "Fighting for White Rule in Africa: The Central African Federation, Katanga, and the Congo Crisis, 1958–1965". The International History Review. 25 (3): 592–615. doi:10.1080/07075332.2003.9641007. JSTOR 40109400.
- Kaplan, Lawrence S. (April 1967). "The United States, Belgium, and the Congo Crisis of 1960". The Review of Politics. 29 (2): 239–56. doi:10.1017/s0034670500023949. JSTOR 1405667.
- Namikas, Lise (2013). Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo, 1960–1965. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8486-3.
- Weiss, Herbert (April 2012). "The Congo's Independence Struggle Viewed Fifty Years Later". African Studies Review. 55 (1): 109–15. doi:10.1017/s0034670500023949. JSTOR 41804131.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Congo Crisis.
- The Congo, Decolonization, and the Cold War, 1960–1965 at United States Department of State
- Congo (Katanga) 1960–63 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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