Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:
Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.
During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến ) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions has shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.
Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one Vietnamese name, as shown below.
Sino-Vietnamese exonyms [ edit ] Before modernity, sources of names of foreign places in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms ). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan , which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken languages and dialects that use them, which include Mandarin , Cantonese , Japanese , Korean , and Vietnamese among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different phonologies and phonemes from each other. By the nature of the writing system itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents logograms (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, India and most European countries retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective endonyms . Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only 2 city in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.
Exonyms from other languages [ edit ] In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language. Thus, place names outside of East Asia can often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it using a transcription method called Vietnamization. For example, although Scotland can be called by its Sino-Vietnamese exonym, Tô Cách Lan , spellings such as Xcốt-len and Scôtlen are also acceptable. This method has more general patterns than steadfast rules, depending on the writer. For example, the name 'Saddam Hussein' can be spelled as Sađam Hutxen , Sátđam Hutxen, or Saddam Hudsein . This is similar to native to how English speakers spelled their own names in various and inconsistent ways before English spelling became fossilized. For example, William Shakespeare spelled his own surname at least 3 different ways.
However, it has recently become more common for the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the Harry Potter series of novels , the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively.[ 1]
There are a few country names borrowed from French and Russian as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. Vienna (Viên in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French[citation needed ] . Hong Kong and Macau names are borrowed from English by direct transliteration into Hồng Kông and Ma Cao instead of Hương Cảng and Áo Môn in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation.
The names of Cambodia and Laos are directly transcribed from Khmer កម្ពុជា Kâmpŭchéa and Lao ລາວ Lav into Vietnamese as Campuchia and Lào . The names of Phnom Penh , Vientiane and Bangkok are directly transcribed from Khmer ភ្នំពេញ Phnum Pénh , Lao ວຽງຈັນ Viangchan and Thai บางกอก Bāngkxk into Vietnamese as Phnôm Pênh , Viêng Chăn and Băng Cốc . Ivory Coast is translated into Vietnamese as Bờ Biển Ngà , and at times it is transcribed from French as Cốt Đivoa .
Afghanistan A Phú Hãn, Áp-ga-ni-xtan[ 2]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Kabul
Ka-bun[ 3]
Kābol (کابل)
Persian
Kābəl (کابل)
Pashto
Albania An-ba-ni[ 4]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Tirana
Ti-ra-na[ 5]
Tiranë
Albanian
Algeria An-giê-ri
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Algiers
thủ đô nước An-giê-ri
Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر)
Standard Arabic
Argentina Á Căn Đình, Ác-hen-ti-na[ 6]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Buenos Aires
Lương Phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết[ 7]
Buenos Aires
Spanish
Australia Úc Đại Lợi, Úc
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Melbourne
Miêu Bình, Mai Bình[ 8]
Melbourne
English
Sydney
Xích-ni
Sydney
English
Austria Áo Địa Lợi, Áo
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Vienna
Viên
Wien
German
Bangladesh
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Dhaka
Đắc-ca
Dhaka (ঢাকা)
Bengali
Belarus Bê-la-rút, Bạch Nga[ 9]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Minsk
Min-xcơ[ 10]
Minsk (Мінск)
Belarusian
Belgium Bỉ Lợi Thời, Biên Xích,[ 11] Bỉ[ 12]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Brussels
Bức San, Brúc-xen[ 13]
Brussel
Dutch
Bruxelles
French
Brazil Ba Tây,[ 14] Bi Lê Diên Lô,[ 15] Bra-xin[ 16]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Brasilia
Ba Tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a[ 17]
Brasilia
Portuguese
Rio de Janeiro
Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô
Rio de Janeiro
Portuguese
São Paulo
Thánh Phao Lồ
São Paulo
Portuguese
Bulgaria Bun-ga-ri[ 18]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Sofia
Xô-phi-a[ 19]
Sofija (София)
Bulgarian
Cambodia (Giản Bộ Trại, Cao Miên, Campuchia)
English
Vietnamese
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Angkor
Đế Thiên Đế Thích
Ângkôr (អង្គរ)
Khmer
Banteay Meas
Sài Mạt
Bântéay Méas (បន្ទាយមាស)
Khmer
Battambang
Bát Tầm Bôn
Băt Dâmbâng (បាត់ដំបង)
Khmer
Bavet
Truông Cát
Bavĭt (បាវិត)
Khmer
Bokor
Tà Lơn
Bok Koŭ (បូកគោ)
Khmer
Damrei Mountains
Tượng Sơn
Phnum Dâmri (ភ្នំដំរី)
Khmer
Kampot
Cần Bột
Kâmpôt (កំពត)
Khmer
Kep
Bạch Mã
Kêb (កែប)
Khmer
Kiri Vong
Linh Quỳnh
Kĭrivóng (គិរីវង់)
Khmer
Koh Tang
Hòn Thăng
Kaôh Tang (កោះតាង)
Khmer
Koh Wai
Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây
Kaôh Puluvey (កោះពូលូវៃ)
Khmer
Kompong Chhnang
Xà Năng
Kâmpóng Chhnăng (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង)
Khmer
Kratié
Cần Ché
Krâchéh (ក្រចេះ)
Khmer
Lavek/Longvek
La Bích
Lvêk (ល្វែក) Lôngvêk (លង្វែក)
Khmer
Neak Loeung
Hối Lương,[ 20] Cầu Nam
'nâk Lœăng (អ្នកលឿង)
Khmer
Peam Chor
Biên Chúc
Péam Chôr (ពាមជរ)
Khmer
Phnom Penh
Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên,[ 21] Phnôm Pênh[ 22]
Phnum Pénh (ភ្នំពេញ)
Khmer
Pursat
Phú Túc
Poŭthĭsăt (ពោធិ៍សាត់)
Khmer
Siem Reap
Xiêm Riệp[ 23]
Siĕm Réab (សៀមរាប)
Khmer
Sihanoukville
Kâm Póng Sao,[ 24] Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm
Krŏng Preăh Seihânŭ (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) Kâmpóng Saôm (កំពង់សោម)
Khmer
Svay Rieng
Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng
Svay Riĕng (ស្វាយរៀង)
Khmer
Tonlé Sap
Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ
Tônlé Sab (ទន្លេសាប)
Khmer
Canada Gia Nã Đại
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
British Columbia
Columbia Thuộc Anh
British Columbia
English
Montreal
Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn
Montréal
French
Ottawa
Ốc Đa Hoa, Ốt-ta-goa[ 25]
Ottawa
English
Quebec
Quế Bích
Québec
French
Toronto
Tô Luân
Toronto
English
Vancouver
Văn Cầu
Vancouver
English
China Trung Hoa, Trung Quốc
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Beijing
Bắc Kinh
Běijīng (北京)
Mandarin
Changchun
Trường Xuân
Chángchūn (长春)
Mandarin
Chengdu
Thành Đô
Chéngdū (成都)
Mandarin
Chongqing
Trùng Khánh
Chóngqìng (重庆)
Mandarin
Fujian
Phúc Kiến
Fújiàn (福建)
Mandarin
Hok-kiàn
Hokkien
Guangzhou
Quảng Châu
Guǎngzhōu (广州)
Mandarin
Guilin
Quế Lâm
Guìlín (桂林)
Mandarin
Hainan
Hải Nam
Hǎinán (海南)
Mandarin
Harbin
Cáp Nhĩ Tân
Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨)
Mandarin
Hohhot
Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột
Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特)
Mandarin
Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ)
Mongolian script
Hong Kong
Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông
Xiānggǎng (香港)
Mandarin
Hēunggóng
Cantonese
Hong Kong
English
Inner Mongolia
Nội Mông (Cổ)
Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古)
Mandarin
Öbür Monggol
(ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ)
Mongolian script
Macau
Áo Môn, Ma Cao
Àomén(澳門)
Mandarin
Ōumún
Cantonese
Macau
Portuguese
Nanjing
Nam Kinh
Nánjīng (南京)
Mandarin
Sanya
Tam Á
Sānyà (三亚)
Mandarin
Shanghai
Thượng Hải
Shànghǎi (上海)
Mandarin
Shenzhen
Thâm Quyến
Shēnzhèn (深圳)
Mandarin
Sichuan
Tứ Xuyên
Sìchuān (四川)
Mandarin
Ürümqi
U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề
Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐)
Mandarin
Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی)
Uyghur
Wuhan
Vũ Hán
Wǔhàn (武汉)
Mandarin
Xiamen
Hạ Môn
Xiàmén (厦门)
Mandarin
Xi'an
Tây An
Xī'ān (西安)
Mandarin
Yangtze River
Trường Giang
Cháng Jiāng (长江)
Mandarin
Zhengzhou
Trịnh Châu
Zhèngzhōu (郑州)
Mandarin
Cyprus Đảo Síp[ 26]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Nicosia
Ni-cô-xi-a[ 27]
Lefkosía (Λευκωσία)
Greek
Lefkoşa
Turkish
Czechia Tiệp Khắc, Séc[ 28]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Prague
Thiệp Khẩu, Pra-ha[ 29]
Praha
Czech
Denmark Đan Mạch
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Copenhagen
Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen[ 30]
København
Danish
Greenland
Grin-len,[ 31] Thanh Đảo
Grønland
Danish
Nuuk
Nu-úc[ 32]
Godthåb
Danish
East Timor Đông Ti-mo, Đông Timor, Ti-mo Le-xte
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Dili
Đi-li[ 33]
Dili
Tetum
Egypt Ai Cập, Y Diệp, Ê-díp-tô
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Alexandria
A-lếch-xan-đri-a
al-Iskandarīyya (الإسكندرية)
Standard Arabic
Rakoti (Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ)
Coptic
Cairo
Kê Thành
al-Qāhirah (القاهرة)
Standard Arabic
Maṣr (مَصر)
Egyptian Arabic
Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country. As Cairo is the country's primate city , the endonym can sometimes be used to identify the city as well.
Port Said
thành phố Cảng (Port) Said[ 34]
Bor Sa3yīd(بورسعيد)
Egyptian Arabic
Estonia E-xtô-ni-a
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Tallinn
Ta-lin[ 36]
Talin
Estonian
Ethiopia Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a[ 37]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Addis Ababa
A-đi A-ba-ba
አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba)[ 38]
Amharic
Finland Phần Lan
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Helsinki
Hiệu Sinh Kì
Helsinki
Finnish
Georgia Gruzia, Gru-di-a, Giê-oóc-gi-a[ 43]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Tbilisi
Tbi-li-xi[ 44]
Tbilisi (თბილისი)
Georgian
Germany Đức, An-lê-mân[ 45]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Berlin
Bá Linh, Béc-lin[ 46]
Berlin
German
Cologne
Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ
Köln / Koeln
German
Hamburg
Hàm Phủ
Hamburg
German
Hanover
An-nô-vi[ 47]
Hannover
German
Greece Hy Lạp, Cự Liệt, Cừ Sách,[ 48] Gờ-réc
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Athens
Nhã Điển, Á Thiên, A-ten[ 49]
Athína (Αθήνα)
Greek
Ionian Islands
Y Du Nhiên
Greek
Santorini
Đảo San Hô
Thíra (Θήρα)
Greek
Thessalonica
Salonica
Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη)
Greek
Zakynthos
San-tê
Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος)
Greek
Iceland Băng Đảo, Ai-xơ-len[ 50]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Reykjavik
Rây-ki-a-vích[ 51]
Reykjavík
Icelandic
India Ấn Độ, Thiên Trúc
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Ganges
sông Hằng
Gangā (गंगा)
Hindi
Goa
Cô Á
Gōvā (गोवा)
Hindi
New Delhi
Tân Đề Li, Niu Đê-li[ 52]
Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली)
Hindi
Indonesia Nam Dương, Vạn Đảo, In-đô-nê-xi-a[ 53]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Aceh
A Chinh[ 54]
Aceh
Indonesian
Batavia
Ba Thiềng
modern-day Jakarta
Jakarta
Giang Lưu Ba
Jakarta
Indonesian
Java
Trảo Oa
Java
Indonesian
Palembang
Tam Phật Tề[ 55]
Palembang
Indonesian
Iran Ba Tư
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Tehran
Tề Lan, Tê-hê-ran[ 56]
Ťehrân (تهران)
Persian
Iraq Y Lạp
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Baghdad
Bác Đạt, Bát-đa
Baghdad (بغداد)
Standard Arabic
Ireland Ái Nhĩ Lan, Ai-len
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Dublin
Đạp Lân, Đu-blin[ 57]
Baile Átha Cliath
Irish
English name also used locally
Italy Ý Đại Lợi, Ý
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Capri
Ca Pha Lí[ 59]
Capri
Italian
Genoa
Giai Noa[ 60]
Genoa
Italian
Naples
Nạp Bồ Lê[ 60]
Napoli
Italian
Rome
La Mã
Roma
Italian
Venice
Vơ-ni-dơ
Venezia
Italian
Japan Nhật Bản, Nhật
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Hiroshima
Quảng Ðảo
Hiroshima (広島)
Japanese
Hokkaido
Bắc Hải Ðạo
Hokkaidō (北海道)
Japanese
Honshu
Bổn Châu
Honshū (本州)
Japanese
Kansai
Quan Tây
Kansai (関西)
Japanese
Kanto
Quan Ðông
Kantō (関東)
Japanese
Kobe
Thần Hộ
Kōbe (神戸)
Japanese
Kyoto
Kinh Ðô
Kyōto (京都)
Japanese
Kyushu
Cửu Châu
Kyūshū (九州)
Japanese
Nagasaki
Tràng Kỳ
Nagasaki (長崎)
Japanese
Okinawa
Xung Thằng
Okinawa (沖縄)
Japanese
Osaka
Đại Phản
Ōsaka (大阪)
Japanese
Ryukyu
Lưu Cầu
Ryūkyū (琉球)
Japanese
Sapporo
Trát Hoảng
Sapporo (札幌)
Japanese
Sendai
Tiên Ðài
Sendai (仙台)
Japanese
Senkaku
Tiêm Các
Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島)
Japanese
Shikoku
Tứ Quốc
Shikoku (四国)
Japanese
Tokyo
Đông Kinh
Tōkyō (東京)
Japanese
While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba ), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.
Kyrgyzstan Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan, Ki-rơ-ghi-zi-a
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Bishkek
Bi-sơ-kếch
Bishkek (Бишкек)
Kyrgyz
Russian
Laos Ai Lao, Lào
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Champasak
Ba Thắc
Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ)
Lao
Houaphanh
Sầm Châu
Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ)
Lao
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
Nam Chưởng
Khamkeut
Cam Cát
Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ)
Lao
Khammouane
Cam Môn
Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ)
Lao
Luang Phrabang
Luông Pha Băng,[ 64] Lão Qua
Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ)
Lao
Samneua
Sầm Nứa
Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ)
Lao
Sam Tai
Sầm Tộ
Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້)
Lao
Vientiane
Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn[ 65]
Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ)
Lao
Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling
Xiangkhoang
Trấn Ninh
Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ)
Lao
Xiengkho
Trình Cố
Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້)
Lao
Latvia Lát-vi-a[ 66]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Riga
Ri-ga[ 66]
Riga
Latvian
Libya Li-bi[ 67]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Tripoli
Tri-po-li[ 68]
Ṭarābulus (طرابلس)
Standard Arabic
Luxembourg Lục Xâm Bảo[ 71]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Luxembourg City
Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua
Lëtzebuerg
Luxembourgish
Moldova Môn-đô-va[ 72]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Chisinau
Ki-si-nhốp[ 73]
Chișinău
Moldovan
Mongolia Mông Cổ[ 74]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Ulaanbaatar
Ulan Bato[ 75]
Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар)
Mongolian Cyrillic
Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ)
Mongolian script
Montenegro Môn-tê-nê-grô[ 76]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Podgorica
Pốt-gô-ri-xa
Podgorica (Подгорица)
Montenegrin
Morocco Ma-rốc
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Casablanca
Bạch Ốc
ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا)
Arabic
Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ)
Berber languages
Rabat
Ra-bát
ar-Rabat (الرباط)
Arabic
Mexico Mễ Tây Cơ, Mễ Ti Cơ, Mê-hi-cô[ 77]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Mexico City
Thành phố Mễ Tây Cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti[ 78]
Ciudad de México
Spanish
Myanmar Mi-an-ma, Miến Điện,[ 79] Diến Điện
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Naypyidaw
Nây-pi-tô[ 80]
Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်)
Burmese
Yangon
Ngưỡng Quang, Ragoon[ 81]
Raankone (ရန်ကုန်)
Burmese
North Korea Bắc Triều Tiên
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Pyongyang
Bình Nhưỡng
Phyŏngyang (평양)
Korean
Hamhung
Hàm Hưng
Hamhǔng (함흥)
Korean
Rason
La Tiên
Rasŏn (라선)
Korean
Sinuiju
Tân Nghĩa Châu
Sinŭiju (신의주)
Korean
Kaesong
Khai Thành
Kaesŏng (개성)
Korean
Chongjin
Thanh Tân
Chŏngjin (청진)
Korean
Nampo
Nam Phổ
Nampho (남포)
Korean
Wonsan
Nguyên Sơn
Wŏnsan (원산)
Korean
Norway Na Uy
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Oslo
Ốt-xlô
Oslo
Norwegian
Pakistan Pa-ki-xtan
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Islamabad
I-xla-ma-bát[ 87]
Islamabad (اسلام آباد)
Urdu
Philippines Phi Luật Tân, Phi-líp-pin
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Manila
Ma Ní
Manila
Tagalog
Luzon
Lữ Tống
Luzon
Tagalog
Poland Ba Lan
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Warsaw
Vác-sa-va
Warszawa
Polish
Portugal Bồ Đào Nha
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Lisbon
Lisboa
Lisboa
Portugal
Romania Ru-ma-ni[ 88]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Bucharest
Bu-ca-rét[ 89]
București
Romanian
Russia Nga La Tư, Nga
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Kamchatka
Cam-sát-ca
Kamchatka (Камчатка)
Russian
Moscow
Mạc Tư Khoa, Mát-xcơ-va
Moskva (Москва)
Russian
Novosibirsk
Nô-vô-xi-biếc
Novosibirsk (Новосибирск)
Russian
Saint Petersburg
Bá Đa Phủ, Bỉ Đắc
Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург)
Russian
Sevastopol
Tô Bồ Lô[ 90]
Sevastopol' (Севастополь)
Russian
Vladivostok
Hải Sâm Uy, Thắng Đông, Viễn Đông
Vladivostok (Владивосток)
Russian
Volgagrad
Vôn-ga-grát
Volgagrad (Волгоград)
Russian
Saudi Arabia Ả Rập Xê Út
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Riyadh
E-ri-át
ar-Riyadh (لرياض)
Standard Arabic
South Korea Đại Hàn, Nam Triều Tiên, Hàn Quốc
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Busan
Phủ Sơn
Busan (부산)
Korean
Chungju
Trung Châu
Chungju (충주)
Korean
Daegu
Đại Khâu
Daegu (대구)
Korean
Gangnam
Giang Nam
Gangnam (강남)
Korean
Incheon
Nhân Xuyên
Inchŏn (인천)
Korean
Jeju
Tế Châu
Jeju (제주)
Korean
Seoul
Hán Thành Xơ-un
Hansŏng (한성) Sŏul (서울)
Korean
Sri Lanka Tích Lan, Sai Lăng,[ 100] Xri Lan-ca[ 101]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Colombo
Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô[ 102]
Kolamba (කොළඹ)
Sinhala
Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு)
Tamil
Sweden Thụy Điển, Xu Y Đà[ 103]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Stockholm
Tốc Hàm, Xtốc-khôm[ 104]
Stockholm
Swedish
Switzerland Thụy Sĩ[ 105]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Bern
Bơn[ 106]
Bern
German
Bärn
Alemannic German
Berne
French
Berna
Italian
Berna
Romansch
Geneva
Genève[ 107]
Genève
French
Taiwan Đài Loan
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Hualien
Hoa Liên
Huālián (花蓮)
Mandarin
Kaohsiung
Cao Hùng
Gāoxióng (高雄)
Mandarin
Keelung
Cơ Long[ 108]
Jīlóng (基隆)
Mandarin
Taichung
Đài Trung
Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中)
Mandarin
Tainan
Đài Nam
Táinán (台南 / 臺南)
Mandarin
Taipei
Đài Bắc
Táiběi (台北 / 臺北)
Mandarin
Taitung
Đài Đông
Táidōng (台东 / 臺東)
Mandarin
Thailand (Thái Lan, Thái Quốc)
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Ayutthaya
Thượng Thành
Ayutthaya (อยุธยา)
Thai
Bangkok
Vọng Các, Băng Cốc
Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ)
Thai
Chanthaburi
Chân Bôn
Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี)
Thai
Chiang Mai
Chiêng Mài, Xương Mại
Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่)
Thai
Chiang Rai
Chiềng Rai
Chiang Rai (เชียงราย)
Thai
Chiềng Hai
Jiang Hai (ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ)
Northern Thai
Ko Chang
Dương Khảm
Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง)
Thai
Ko Kut
Cổ Cốt
Ko Kut (เกาะกูด)
Thai
Lopburi
La Hộc
Lop Buri (ลพบุรี)
Thai
Nakhon Phanom
Na Khổng Phù Nam
Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม)
Thai
Nakhon Ratchasima
Cổ Lạc
Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา)
Thai
Nakhon Si Thammarat
Na Khổng Tam Hoạt
Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช)
Thai
Nongkhai
Mường Nông
Nongkhai (หนองคาย)
Thai
Pattani
Tà Nê
Pattani (ปัตตานี)
Thai
Sukhothai
Xụ-khổ-thay
Sukhothai (สุโขทัย)
Thai
Tajikistan
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Dushanbe
Đu-san-be
Dushanbe (Душанбе)
Tajik
Tunisia Tuy-ni-di[ 109]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Tunis
Tuy-nít
Tunis (تونس)
Standard Arabic
Turkey Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky[ 110]
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Ephesus
Ê-phê-sô
Efes
Turkish
Istanbul
Tân La Mã
İstanbul
Turkish
Ukraine U-crai-na, Ukraina
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Kyiv
Ki-ép
Kyiv (Київ)
Ukrainian
United Arab Emirates [ edit ]
United Arab Emirates Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Abu Dhabi
ʼAbū Ẓaby
Abu Dhabi (أبوظبي)
Arabic
Dubai
Đu-bai
Dubey (دبيّ)
Arabic
United Kingdom Đại Anh, Anh Cát Lợi, Anh, Anh Quốc , Vương quốc Anh , Liên hiệp Anh
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Edinburgh
Ê-đin-brơ
Edinburgh
English
Scots
England
Anh Cát Lợi, Hồng Mao
England
English
Northern Ireland
Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan
Northern Ireland
English
London
Luân Đôn, Long-đôn
London
English
Scotland
Tô Cách Lan, Y Cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen[ 111]
Scotland
English
Wales
Uy Nhĩ Sĩ, Huệ Châu, xứ Gan, xứ Wales
Wales
English
United States Á Mĩ Lợi Gia, Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ
English name
Vietnamese name
Notes
Arlington, VA
Ái Linh Tân
Arlington, TX
Baltimore
Bạt Đế Mỗ
Boston
Bật Tân
California
Ca-li, Ca-li--ni-a, Ca-li-phoóc-nha
Harlem
Hắc Lem
Hawaii
Hạ Uy Di
Hollywood
Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng
Honolulu
Hòn Lau
Los Angeles
Lốt, Lộc Án Gia Lê
Manhattan
Mã Nhật Tân[ 112]
New Orleans
Ngọc Lân,[ 113] Tân Linh
New York
Nữu Ước, Niu Gioóc, Tiểu bang New York[ 114]
New York City
Thành phố New York
North Carolina
Bắc Carolina
North Dakota
Bắc Dakota
Orange County
Quận Cam
Philadelphia
Huynh Đệ thành
San Francisco
Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành
Seven Corners
Ngã Bảy[ 115]
South Carolina
Nam Carolina
South Dakota
Nam Dakota
Washington
Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân
Washington, D.C.
Oa-xinh-tơn
West Virginia
Tây Virginia
The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.
Uzbekistan
English name
Vietnamese name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Tashkent
Ta-sơ-ken
Toshkent
Uzbek
English name
Vietnamese name
Notes
Alps
Ân Lô Bi,[ 40] An-pơ, dãy Anpơ
Annamite Mountains
Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn
Aral Sea
Hàm Hải, Biển Aral
Atlantic Ocean
Đại Tây
Dead Sea
Biển Chết
East China Sea
Biển Hoa Đông
Euphrates
Uông Phát, Ơ-phơ-rát, sông Euphrates
Mount Everest
đỉnh Everest
Himalayas
Hi Mã Lạp Sơn, dãy Himalaya
Indian Ocean
Ấn Độ Dương
Indus River
Sông Ấn (Độ)
Issyk-Kul
Nhiệt Hải, hồ Issyk-Kul
Mediterranean Sea
(Biển) Địa Trung Hải
Mekong River
Mê Kông, Cửu Long
Nile River
Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô
Pacific Ocean
Thái Bình Dương
Palestine
Ba-lạc-đĩnh, vùng Palestine
Persian Gulf
Vịnh Ba Tư
Red Sea
Xích hải, Hồng Hải, Biển Đỏ
Rocky Mountains
Thạch Sơn, dãy núi Rocky
Sahara Desert
Sa mạc Lớn, Sa mạc Sahara
Sea of Japan
Biển Nhật Bản
Sunda Strait
Cửa Song Đề,[ 116] eo biển Sunda
South China Sea
Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea ), Biển Đông
Tigris
Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris
Baltic Sea
Ba La Đích hải, biển Baltic
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