Linus Pauling

Linus Pauling
Linus Pauling
	Pauling 1962.
Rođenje	28. februar 1901.; Oswego, Oregon, Sjedinjene Američke Države
Smrt	19. august 1994 (93 godine); Big Sur, California, Sjedinjene Američke Države

Linus Carl Pauling (28. februar 1901 – 19. august 1994) bio je američki hemičar i biohemičar.^[1] Također se istakao u oblastima kristalografije, molekularne biologije i medicine. Mnogi ga smatraju za vodećeg hemičara 20. vijeka. Prvi je istraživao korištenje kvantne mehanike u hemiji, a 1954. godine je nagrađen Nobelovom nagradom za hemiju^[2] za svoj rad o prirodi hemijskih veza. Godine 1962. dobio je i Nobelovu nagradu za mir,^[3] zbog svoje kampanje protiv nuklearnih testova, te je jedina osoba koja je samostalno dobila dvije Nobelove nagrade. Ostali naučnici koji su dobili dvije nagrade su: Marie Curie, John Bardeen i Frederick Sanger.

Reference

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Commons ima datoteke na temu: Linus Pauling

^ "Linus Pauling Biography". Linus Pauling Institute (jezik: engleski). 9. 5. 2014. Pristupljeno 5. 2. 2021.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". NobelPrize.org (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 2. 2021.
^ "Linus Pauling | American scientist". Encyclopedia Britannica (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 2. 2021.

Nedovršeni članak Linus Pauling koji govori o biografijama treba dopuniti. Dopunite ga prema pravilima Wikipedije.

Kategorije

[1] "Linus Pauling Biography". Linus Pauling Institute (jezik: engleski). 9. 5. 2014. Pristupljeno 5. 2. 2021.

[2] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". NobelPrize.org (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 2. 2021.

[3] "Linus Pauling | American scientist". Encyclopedia Britannica (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 2. 2021.

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p r u Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za hemiju
1900-e	1901: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff 1902: Hermann Emil Fischer 1903: Svante August Arrhenius 1904: William Ramsay 1905: Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer 1906: Henri Moissan 1907: Eduard Buchner 1908: Ernest Rutherford 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald
1910-e	1910: Otto Wallach 1911: Marie Curie 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913: Alfred Werner 1914: Theodore William Richards 1915: Richard Martin Willstätter 1918: Fritz Haber
1920-e	1920: Walther Hermann Nernst 1921: Frederick Soddy 1922: Francis William Aston 1923: Fritz Pregl 1925: Richard Adolf Zsigmondy 1926: Theodor Svedberg 1927: Heinrich Otto Wieland 1928: Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
1930-e	1930: Hans Fischer 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932: Irving Langmuir 1934: Harold Clayton Urey 1935: Frédéric Joliot / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936: Peter Debye 1937: Walter Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938: Richard Kuhn 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Lavoslav Ružička
1940-e	1943: George de Hevesy 1944: Otto Hahn 1945: Artturi Ilmari Virtanen 1946: James B. Sumner / John Howard Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947: Robert Robinson 1948: Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius 1949: William Francis Giauque
1950-e	1950: Otto Paul Hermann Diels / Kurt Alder 1951: Edwin Mattison McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952: Archer John Porter Martin / Richard Laurence Millington Synge 1953: Hermann Staudinger 1954: Linus Carl Pauling 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud 1956: Cyril Norman Hinshelwood / Nikolaj Nikolajevič Semjonov 1957: Alexander R. Todd 1958: Frederick Sanger 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský
1960-e	1960: Willard Frank Libby 1961: Melvin Calvin 1962: Max Ferdinand Perutz / John Cowdery Kendrew 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 1965: Robert Burns Woodward 1966: Robert Mulliken 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald George Wreyford Norrish / George Porter 1968: Lars Onsager 1969: Derek H. R. Barton / Odd Hassel
1970-e	1970: Luis F. Leloir 1971: Gerhard Herzberg 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William H. Stein 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974: Paul J. Flory 1975: John Warcup Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog 1976: William Nunn Lipscomb Jr. 1977: Ilya Prigogine 1978: Peter D. Mitchell 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig
1980-e	1980: Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982: Aaron Klug 1983: Henry Taube 1984: Robert Bruce Merrifield 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee / John C. Polanyi 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas R. Cech
1990-e	1990: Elias James Corey 1991: Richard R. Ernst 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus 1993: Kary B. Mullis / Michael Smith 1994: George A. Olah 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens C. Skou 1998: Walter Kohn / John A. Pople 1999: Ahmed H. Zewail
2000-e	2000: Alan J Heeger, Alan G MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa 2001: William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002: Kurt Wüthrich / John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004: Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005: Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock 2006: Roger David Kornberg 2007: Gerhard Ertl 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Yonchien Tsien 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath
2010-e	2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi 2011: Dan Shechtman 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William Moerner 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018: Frances Arnold / Greg Winter / George Smith 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino
2020-e	2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna 2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List 2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless 2023: Moungi Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Aleksej Jekimov

p r u Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za mir
1900-te	Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy (1901) Élie Ducommun / Charles Albert Gobat (1902) William Randal Cremer (1903) Institut za međunarodno pravo (1904) Bertha von Suttner (1905) Theodore Roosevelt (1906) Ernesto Teodoro Moneta / Louis Renault (1907) Klas Pontus Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer (1908) Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert / Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant (1909)
1910-e	Stalni međunarodni mirovni ured (1910) Tobias Michael Carel Asser / Alfred Hermann Fried (1911) Elihu Root (1912) Henri La Fontaine (1913) Crveni krst (1917) Woodrow Wilson (1919)
1920-e	Léon Bourgeois (1920) Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lous Lange (1921) Fridtjof Nansen (1922) Austen Chamberlain / Charles G. Dawes (1925) Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann (1926) Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde (1927) Frank B. Kellogg (1929)
1930-e	Nathan Söderblom (1930) Jane Addams / Nicholas Murray Butler (1931) Norman Angell (1933) Arthur Henderson (1934) Carl von Ossietzky (1935) Carlos Saavedra Lamas (1936) Robert Cecil (1937) NIOR (1938)
1940-e	Crveni krst (1944) Cordell Hull (1945) Emily Greene Balch / John Mott (1946) Kvekeri / AFSC (1947) John Boyd Orr (1949)
1950-e	Ralph Bunche (1950) Léon Jouhaux (1951) Albert Schweitzer (1952) George Marshall (1953) UNHCR (1954) Lester B. Pearson (1957) Georges Pire (1958) Philip Noel-Baker (1959)
1960-e	Albert Lutuli (1960) Dag Hammarskjöld (1961) Linus Pauling (1962) Crveni krst (1963) Martin Luther King (1964) UNICEF (1965) René Cassin (1968) ILO (1969)
1970-e	Norman Borlaug (1970) Willy Brandt (1971) Henry Kissinger / Lê Đức Thọ (1973) Seán MacBride / Eisaku Sato (1974) Andrej Dmitrijevič Saharov (1975) Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan (1976) Amnesty International (1977) Anwar el-Sadat / Menahem Begin (1978) Majka Tereza (1979)
1980-e	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (1980) UNHCR (1981) Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles (1982) Lech Wałęsa (1983) Desmond Tutu (1984) IPPNW (1985) Elie Wiesel (1986) Óscar Arias (1987) Mirovne snage UN-a (1988) Tenzin Gyatso (14. Dalaj Lama) (1989)
1990-e	Mihail Gorbačov (1990) Aung San Suu Kyi (1991) Rigoberta Menchú (1992) Nelson Mandela / Frederik Willem de Klerk (1993) Yasser Arafat / Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin (1994) Udruga Pugwash / Joseph Rotblat (1995) Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo / José Ramos-Horta (1996) ICBL/Jody Williams (1997) John Hume / David Trimble (1998) Ljekari bez granica (1999)
2000-te	Kim Dae Jung (2000) UN / Kofi Annan (2001) Jimmy Carter (2002) Shirin Ebadi (2003) Wangari Maathai (2004) IAEA / Mohamed El-Baradei (2005) Muhammad Yunus / Grameen banka (2006) Al Gore / IPCC (2007) Martti Ahtisaari (2008) Barack Obama (2009)
2010-e	Liu Xiaobo (2010) Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakel Karman (2011) Evropska unija (2012) Organizacija za zabranu hemijskog oružja (2013) Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai (2014) Tuniski nacionalni kvartet (2015) Juan Manuel Santos (2016) Međunarodna kampanja za zabranu nuklearnog oružja (2017) Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad (2018) Abiy Ahmed (2019)
2020-e	Svjetski program za hranu (2020) Maria Ressa / Dmitrij Muratov (2021) Ales Bjaljacki / Memorijal / Centar za građanske slobode (2022) Narges Mohammadi (2023)

p r u Timeova osoba godine
1927–1950.	Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mohandas Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Josif Staljin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Josif Staljin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) Američki borac (1950)
1951–1975.	Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeta II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Mađarski borci za slobodu (1956) Nikita Hruščov (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) Američki naučnici: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Papa Ivan XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) Generacija 25 i mlađi (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) Posada "Apolla 8": William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) Srednjoamerikanci (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) Kralj Fejsal (1974) Američke žene: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)
1976–2000.	Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar el-Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ajatolah Homeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) Računar (1982) Ronald Reagan / Jurij Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mihail Gorbačov (1987) Ugrožena Zemlja (1988) Mihail Gorbačov (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) Mirotvorci: Yasser Arafat / Frederik Willem de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Ivan Pavao II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000)
2001–	Rudy Giuliani (2001) Zviždačice: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) Američki vojnik (2003) George W. Bush (2004) Dobri Samaritanci: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) Ti (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) Demonstrant (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Papa Franjo (2013) Borci protiv ebole: dr. Jerry Brown / dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) Razbijači šutnje (2017) Čuvari: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Osoblje The Capitala (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodimir Zelenski / Duh Ukrajine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023)

Linus Pauling

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Linus Pauling
Pauling 1962.
Rođenje	(1901-02-28) 28. februar 1901. Oswego, Oregon, Sjedinjene Američke Države
Smrt	19. august 1994(1994-08-19) (93 godine) Big Sur, California, Sjedinjene Američke Države