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Linus Pauling .
Linus Pauling
Pauling 1962.
Rođenje (1901-02-28 ) 28. februar 1901.Oswego, Oregon, Sjedinjene Američke Države
Smrt 19. august 1994(1994-08-19) (93 godine)Big Sur, California, Sjedinjene Američke Države
Linus Carl Pauling (28. februar 1901 – 19. august 1994) bio je američki hemičar i biohemičar.[ 1] Također se istakao u oblastima kristalografije , molekularne biologije i medicine . Mnogi ga smatraju za vodećeg hemičara 20. vijeka. Prvi je istraživao korištenje kvantne mehanike u hemiji , a 1954 . godine je nagrađen Nobelovom nagradom za hemiju [ 2] za svoj rad o prirodi hemijskih veza.
Godine 1962 . dobio je i Nobelovu nagradu za mir ,[ 3] zbog svoje kampanje protiv nuklearnih testova, te je jedina osoba koja je samostalno dobila dvije Nobelove nagrade. Ostali naučnici koji su dobili dvije nagrade su: Marie Curie , John Bardeen i Frederick Sanger .
Nedovršeni članak Linus Pauling koji govori o biografijama treba dopuniti. Dopunite ga prema pravilima Wikipedije.
1900-e 1910-e 1920-e
1920: Walther Hermann Nernst
1921: Frederick Soddy
1922: Francis William Aston
1923: Fritz Pregl
1925: Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
1926: Theodor Svedberg
1927: Heinrich Otto Wieland
1928: Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
1929: Arthur Harden / Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
1930-e
1930: Hans Fischer
1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius
1932: Irving Langmuir
1934: Harold Clayton Urey
1935: Frédéric Joliot / Irène Joliot-Curie
1936: Peter Debye
1937: Walter Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer
1938: Richard Kuhn
1939: Adolf Butenandt / Lavoslav Ružička
1940-e
1943: George de Hevesy
1944: Otto Hahn
1945: Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
1946: James B. Sumner / John Howard Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley
1947: Robert Robinson
1948: Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
1949: William Francis Giauque
1950-e 1960-e
1960: Willard Frank Libby
1961: Melvin Calvin
1962: Max Ferdinand Perutz / John Cowdery Kendrew
1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta
1964: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
1965: Robert Burns Woodward
1966: Robert Mulliken
1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald George Wreyford Norrish / George Porter
1968: Lars Onsager
1969: Derek H. R. Barton / Odd Hassel
1970-e
1970: Luis F. Leloir
1971: Gerhard Herzberg
1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William H. Stein
1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson
1974: Paul J. Flory
1975: John Warcup Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976: William Nunn Lipscomb Jr.
1977: Ilya Prigogine
1978: Peter D. Mitchell
1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig
1980-e
1980: Paul Berg , Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger
1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann
1982: Aaron Klug
1983: Henry Taube
1984: Robert Bruce Merrifield
1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle
1986: Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee / John C. Polanyi
1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen
1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel
1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas R. Cech
1990-e
1990: Elias James Corey
1991: Richard R. Ernst
1992: Rudolph A. Marcus
1993: Kary B. Mullis / Michael Smith
1994: George A. Olah
1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland
1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley
1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens C. Skou
1998: Walter Kohn / John A. Pople
1999: Ahmed H. Zewail
2000-e
2000: Alan J Heeger, Alan G MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001: William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless
2002: Kurt Wüthrich / John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka
2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon
2004: Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose
2005: Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock
2006: Roger David Kornberg
2007: Gerhard Ertl
2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Yonchien Tsien
2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath
2010-e
2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi
2011: Dan Shechtman
2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka
2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel
2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William Moerner
2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul Modrich / Aziz Sancar
2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa
2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson
2018: Frances Arnold / Greg Winter / George Smith
2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino
2020-e
2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna
2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List
2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless
2023: Moungi Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Aleksej Jekimov
1900-te 1910-e
Stalni međunarodni mirovni ured (1910)
Tobias Michael Carel Asser / Alfred Hermann Fried (1911)
Elihu Root (1912)
Henri La Fontaine (1913)
Crveni krst (1917)
Woodrow Wilson (1919)
1920-e
Léon Bourgeois (1920)
Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lous Lange (1921)
Fridtjof Nansen (1922)
Austen Chamberlain / Charles G. Dawes (1925)
Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann (1926)
Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde (1927)
Frank B. Kellogg (1929)
1930-e
Nathan Söderblom (1930)
Jane Addams / Nicholas Murray Butler (1931)
Norman Angell (1933)
Arthur Henderson (1934)
Carl von Ossietzky (1935)
Carlos Saavedra Lamas (1936)
Robert Cecil (1937)
NIOR (1938)
1940-e
Crveni krst (1944)
Cordell Hull (1945)
Emily Greene Balch / John Mott (1946)
Kvekeri / AFSC (1947)
John Boyd Orr (1949)
1950-e
Ralph Bunche (1950)
Léon Jouhaux (1951)
Albert Schweitzer (1952)
George Marshall (1953)
UNHCR (1954)
Lester B. Pearson (1957)
Georges Pire (1958)
Philip Noel-Baker (1959)
1960-e 1970-e 1980-e
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (1980)
UNHCR (1981)
Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles (1982)
Lech Wałęsa (1983)
Desmond Tutu (1984)
IPPNW (1985)
Elie Wiesel (1986)
Óscar Arias (1987)
Mirovne snage UN-a (1988)
Tenzin Gyatso (14. Dalaj Lama) (1989)
1990-e 2000-te 2010-e
Liu Xiaobo (2010)
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakel Karman (2011)
Evropska unija (2012)
Organizacija za zabranu hemijskog oružja (2013)
Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai (2014)
Tuniski nacionalni kvartet (2015)
Juan Manuel Santos (2016)
Međunarodna kampanja za zabranu nuklearnog oružja (2017)
Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad (2018)
Abiy Ahmed (2019)
2020-e
Timeova osoba godine
1927–1950. 1951–1975. 1976–2000. 2001–
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