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担子菌门

担子菌门
自然界的藝術形態》(1904年),圖版 63: Basimycetes
科学分类 编辑
界: 真菌界 Fungi
亚界: 双核亚界 Dikarya
门: 担子菌门 Basidiomycota
R.T. Moore, 1980
亞門及科
毒蠅傘 Amanita muscaria (傘菌目)

担子菌门学名Basidiomycota)是一类高等真菌,构成雙核亞界,包含2万多种,包括蘑菇木耳等主要食用菌。更具体地说,担子菌门包括以下组:蘑菇马勃,stinkhorns(鬼筆科),支架真菌英语Bracket fungus,和人体致病酵母隐球菌属等等。

担子菌门的真菌基本全为陆生品种,主要特征是由多细胞,有横隔膜的菌丝体组成,菌丝分为两种,初生菌丝体的细胞只有一个细胞核,次生菌丝体的细胞有两个核,两个核的次生菌丝体可以形成一种子实体,称为担子果basidioma , basidiocarp),经过有性繁殖过程,在担子上生成4个有性担孢子basidiospores);沒有無性孢子。

担子菌门的真菌种类繁多,有可以食用的,有可以药用的,也有许多种类有毒,与人类的生活关系较大。担子负于担子果上,除锈菌和黑粉菌外担子果多大而显著。

分类

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由67位真菌学家一个联合所采用的最新的分类[1]认可三种亚门(柄锈菌亚门黑粉菌亚门伞菌亚门)和两个其他级别的类群(节担菌纲根肿黑粉菌纲),除了担子菌门之外。截至目前分类的亚门合并,和削减了在以前常用来描述担子菌门的各种过时的分类种群(见下文)。根据2008年的估计,担子菌门包括三个亚门(其中包括6名未分配的)16个纲,52个,177个科,1589个属,31515个物种[2]

传统上,担子菌门分为现在已废弃的两大类:

下级分类

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根据Catalogue of Life,担子菌门包含以下纲:

  • 伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes
  • 伞型束梗孢菌纲 Agaricostilbomycetes (柄锈菌亚门)
  • 小纺锤菌纲 Atractiellomycetes (柄锈菌亚门)
  • 黑圈团菌纲 Bartheletiomycetes
  • 经典菌纲 Classiculomycetes (柄锈菌亚门)
  • 隐菌寄生菌纲 Cryptomycocolacomycetes (柄锈菌亚门)
  • 囊担子菌纲 Cystobasidiomycetes (柄锈菌亚门)
  • 花耳纲 Dacrymycetes
  • 根肿黑粉菌纲 Entorrhizomycetes (黑粉菌亚门)
  • 外担菌纲 Exobasidiomycetes (黑粉菌亚门)
  • 双担菌纲 Geminibasidiomycetes
  • 马拉色菌纲 Malasseziomycetes (黑粉菌亚门)
  • 微球黑粉菌纲 Microbotryomycetes ,小葡萄菌纲(柄锈菌亚门)
  • 混合菌纲 Mixiomycetes (柄锈菌亚门)
  • 丛梗孢酵母纲 Moniliellomycetes
    • 丛梗孢酵母目 Moniliellales
      • 丛梗孢酵母科 Moniliellaceae
        • 丛梗孢酵母属 Moniliella Stolk & Dakin
          • Moniliella acetoabutans Stolk & Dakin
          • Moniliella acetoabutens Stolk & Dakin, 1966
          • 空气丛梗孢酵母菌 Moniliella aenia,分离自五粮液501酿酒车间古窖池群生态环境
          • Moniliella byzovii Thanh, Hien & T.T.Thom ex Denchev & T.Denchev
          • Moniliella carnis Thanh, Hai, Hien, M.Takash. & Lachance
          • Moniliella casei Thanh, Hien, Yaguchi, J.P.Samp. & Lachance
          • Moniliella dehoogii Thanh, Hai, Hien, M.Takash. & Lachance
          • Moniliella floricola Thanh & Hien
          • Moniliella fonsecae C.A.Rosa, Nakase, Jindam., Limtong, Lachance, Fidalgo-Jim., H.M.Daniel, Pagnocca & Inácio, 2009
          • Moniliella macrospora (J.F.H.Beyma) Thanh, Hien, Yaguchi, J.P.Samp. & Lachance
          • Moniliella madida (de Hoog) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella megachiliensis (G.D.Inglis & Sigler) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella nigrescens (A.D.Hocking & Pitt) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella oedocephalis (Haskins & J.F.T.Spencer) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella pollinis (Hennebert & Veracht.) de Hoog & E.Guého
          • Moniliella pyrgileucina Thanh, Hien, Yaguchi, J.P.Samp. & Lachance
          • Moniliella sojae Thanh, Hien, Yaguchi, J.P.Samp. & Lachance ex Denchev & T.Denchev
          • Moniliella spathulata (de Hoog) C.A.Rosa & Lachance
          • Moniliella tomentosa (J.F.H.Beyma) Stolk
        • Trichosporonoides Haskins & J.F.T.Spencer, 1967
  • 柄锈菌纲 Pucciniomycetes (柄锈菌亚门)
  • 银耳纲 Tremellomycetes
  • 麦轴梗霉纲 Tritirachiomycetes (柄锈菌亚门)
  • 黑粉菌纲 Ustilaginomycetes (黑粉菌亚门)
  • 节担菌纲 Wallemiomycetes (黑粉菌亚门)

参考资料

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  1. ^ Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul F.; Eriksson, Ove E.; Huhndorf, Sabine; James, Timothy; Kirk, Paul M. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research. May 2007, 111 (5): 509–547 [2016-04-09]. PMID 17572334. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. (原始内容存档于2018-08-21). 
  2. ^ Kirk, P.M., P.F. Cannon & J.A. Stalpers 2008. Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th ed., CABI. pp. 78–79.
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担子菌门
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