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1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + …

一張表示級數1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯的圖
級數1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯
將級數1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯平滑化
平滑化之後
說明此直線和y軸交點的圖
平滑化後的漸近特性,此直線在y軸的截軸為−1/2[1]

1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + …,亦寫作 , ,是一個發散級數,表示其部份和形成的數列不會收斂。數列1n可以視為公比為1的等比級數。不同於其他公比為有理數的等比級數,此級數不但在實數下不收斂,在某些特定數字p的p進數下也不收斂。若在擴展的實數軸中,因為部份和形成的數列單調遞增且沒有上界,因此級數的值如下:

此發散級數無法用切薩羅求和阿貝爾和求和法求和。

当出现于物理运用时,它也解释为ζ函數正規化英语Zeta function regularization,它是黎曼ζ函數在零点的取值。

上述二個公式在時不成立,必需利用解析连续定义。

用上式求得(假設

以下ζ(s)s = 1時的級數展開:也是這種意義下此級數的和:

1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + · · · = ζ(0) = −12[2]

也可用其他的s值來為其他的級數求和,例如ζ(-1)=1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯=–1/12,ζ(-2)=1 + 4 + 9 + ... = 0,其通式為

其中Bk伯努利数[3]

在同一年內,有兩位傑出的物理學家斯拉夫诺夫(A. Slavnov)和F. Yndurain 分别在巴塞羅那作了学术演讲。两场学术演讲的主题不同,但是在這兩個人的介紹當中,都说到了一句令觀眾非常難忘的话:“各位都知道,1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + … = −1⁄2”,某程度意味著「如果觀眾不知道这个,那么继续听下去是没有意义的。」 [4]

參考資料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Tao, Terence, The Euler-Maclaurin formula, Bernoulli numbers, the zeta function, and real-variable analytic continuation, April 10, 2010 [January 30, 2014], (原始内容存档于2017-06-06) 
  2. ^ Cosmology: Techniques and Observations. [2008-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-17). 
  3. ^ Tao, Terence. The Euler-Maclaurin formula, Bernoulli numbers, the zeta function, and real-variable analytic continuation. 2010-04-10 [2014-03-10]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-06). 
  4. ^ Elizalde, Emilio. Cosmology: Techniques and Applications. Proceedings of the II International Conference on Fundamental Interactions. 2004 [2008-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-17). 
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