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黄鮟鱇

黄鮟鱇
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 辐鳍鱼綱 Actinopteri
目: 鮟鱇目 Lophiiformes
科: 鮟鱇科 Lophiidae
属: 鮟鱇屬 Lophius
种:
黄鮟鱇 L. litulon
二名法
Lophius litulon
(Jordan, 1902)[2]
異名
  • Lophiomus litulon,Jordan, 1902

黄鮟鱇学名Lophius litulon),又名老头鱼结巴鱼[3],为輻鰭魚綱鮟鱇目鮟鱇亞目鮟鱇科鮟鱇属鱼类,分布于东海黄海渤海等水域,身体扁平如盘,后端则较细,背部有一根特化成钓竿状的棘刺。该鱼多栖息在砂泥海床上,主要食用鱼类和无脊椎动物。黄鮟鱇有洄游习性,在春季会于浅水区繁殖。该鱼可食用。[2]

外貌描述

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黄鮟鱇体背为黄褐色,上有不规则深色斑纹,腹部则为浅色[4]。身体前端扁平宽大,呈盘状,向后则逐渐变细。其体表光滑,无鳞片[3]。该鱼嘴大,牙齿锋利,周围有许多皮须[3][4]。黄鮟鱇两眼间距较大,眼窝凹陷,额骨旁有低垂的眉脊。该鱼第一背鳍最前面的棘刺特化成钓竿状,顶部为三角形。其最大可长到150厘米长[4]

物种分布

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黄鮟鱇分布于渤海黄海东海等海域[3]

生态与习性

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栖息地

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黄鮟鱇为底栖鱼类,常栖息于砂泥底海床上,偏好较冷的水域,水深最深可达560米[4][5]。该鱼在不同水域的种群密度有季节差异[6][7],这可能是由于其分布水域水温变化极大所致[6]

食性

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黄鮟鱇主要以鱼类和各种无脊椎动物为食[8]。其所捕食的猎物随体长变化较大:体长2厘米以下的鱼苗多摄食箭虫磷虾[9],2厘米至20厘米间的小型个体则多以虾、小型乌贼和鳀鱼为食,而更大的个体则会捕食带鱼发光鲷等大型饲料鱼,甚至有捕食长吻角鲨的记录[8]。此外,黄鮟鱇有同类相食的习性[10]

生命周期

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黄鮟鱇有洄游习性,成年黄鮟鱇会在繁殖季聚集于水深60米以下的浅海产卵[11]。该鱼的具体繁殖季取决于水域:日本九州岛周边海域的黄鮟鱇在每年2—3月繁殖,黄海、东海的黄鮟鱇在每年4—5月繁殖,而仙台湾等寒冷水域的个体则要迟至6月方会繁殖[12]。繁殖时,该鱼会一次性将大量精子和卵子洒入水中[13]。其受精卵会在海水中漂浮数日[14]。鱼苗在孵化后多会成群逗留在浅水区[11]。该鱼一般在1.5岁时达到性成熟,彼时体长约30厘米[15]

寄生虫

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以下线虫物种会寄生于黄鮟鱇的肠道内[16]

  • Anisakis pegreffii
  • Hysterothylacium fabri
  • H.aduncum
  • H.amoyense
  • H.liparis
  • H. zhoushanense
  • H. sinense
  • Raphidascaris lophii

经济利用

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黄鮟鱇可食用[3]。1980年代前中国渔民多将其视为不值钱的杂鱼,但由于东海、黄海等水域渔业资源枯竭,至21世纪时该鱼已有相当高的经济价值[8]。冬季的黄鮟鱇肉尤其美味,以至于在日本鮟鱇火锅有“火锅之王”的美誉,其肝脏亦有极高的食用价值[17]

参考文献

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  1. ^ Ho, H. Lophius litulon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T135438843A136910148. [2024-06-04]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T135438843A136910148.en可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 黄鮟鱇. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-16]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 李明德; 张洪杰. 渤海鱼类生物学. 中国科学技术出版社. 1991: 99. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 黄世彬. Lophius litulon. 台湾鱼类资料库. 
  5. ^ Liu, L; Zhao, X; Qin, Y; Gao, T; Yang, T. The Complete Mitogenome of the Lophius litulon (Lophioidei: Lophiidae) and Phylogenetic Implications. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2023, 55 (6): 2985. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 张芮; 薛莹; 张崇良; 任一平; 徐宾铎. 海州湾及其邻近海域鱼类群落结构冗余度. 水产学报. 2018, 42 (7). 
  7. ^ 于南京; 俞存根; 许永久; 郑基; 刘坤; 张佩怡. 舟山群岛外海域春秋季鱼类群落结构及生物多样性. 水产学报. 2021, 45 (8): 1374–1383. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 贺舟挺; 张亚洲; 徐开达; 金海卫. 东、黄海黄鮟鱇的摄食习性及其随发育的变化. 渔业科学进展. 2012, 33 (2): 9–18. 
  9. ^ Baeck, C.W; Huh, S.H. Feeding Habits of Juvenile Lophius litulon in the Coastal Waters of Kori, Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2003, 36 (6): 695–699. 
  10. ^ Park, J.M; Huh, S.H; Jeong, J.M; Baeck, G.W. Diet composition and feeding strategy of yellow goosefish, Lophius litulon (Jordan, 1902), on the southeastern coast of Korea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 2014, 30 (1): 151–155. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Takeya, Y. Ecological study and resource assessment of yellow goosefsh Lophius litulon of Aomori Prefecture, northern Japan (Ph.D论文). Hokkaido University. 2017. 
  12. ^ Yoneda, M; Tokimura, M; Fujita, H; Takeshita, N; Takeshita, K; Matsuyama, M; Matsuura, S. Reproductive cycle, fecundity, and seasonal distribution of the anglerfish Lophius litulon in the East China and Yellow seas. Fishery Bulletin. 2011, 99 (2): 356–370. 
  13. ^ 张学健; 程家骅; 沈伟; 刘尊雷; 袁兴伟. 黄鮟鱇繁殖生物学研究. 中国水产科学. 2011, 18 (2). 
  14. ^ Ishikawa, T; Nakaya, M; Takatsu, T. Embryonic development and effect of water temperature on hatching of Lophius litulon. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2022, 105 (1): 77–86. 
  15. ^ 徐开达; 李鹏飞; 李振华; 朱文斌; 贺舟挺. 黄海南部、东海北部黄鮟鱇的繁殖生物学特性. 浙江水产学院学报. 2011, 30 (1): 9–13. 
  16. ^ Zhang, K; Xu, Z; Chen, H; Guo, N; Li, L. Anisakid and raphidascaridid nematodes (Ascaridoidea) infection in the important marine food-fish Lophius litulon (Jordan) (Lophiiformes: Lophiidae). International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2018, 284: 105–111. 
  17. ^ キアンコウ[黄鮟鱇]. 北海道政府. 森林海洋環境局成長産業課. 
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黄鮟鱇
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