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音位降階

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降階
ꜜ◌
IPA編號517
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)ꜜ
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+A71C

音位降階(downstep)在語音學上是用以表示聲調語言中音節與字詞之間,其聲調裡的音位語音「向下轉移」之特性。西非的語言上音位降階已是廣為人所知曉的,但是日语(一種非聲調、非重音的語言)之音調重音現象卻也和非洲語言裡的音位降階特性非常類似。音位降階是對比於一般比較少出現的音位升階之語音特徵。在國際音標裡,音位降階的符號是一個上標的向下指箭頭()。

降階機制

音位降階可以出現在有相同音位聲調的序列之間。

契維語

加纳契維語裡,當兩個中階的聲調出現在一塊時,第二個調子比起第一個調子來得低些。因此,"向下轉移"的特性在下降浮動與聲調台階的語音結構上扮演著很重要的角色。

音位降階可以發生在低聲調的語音省略之時,或者出現在一種浮動聲調的型態裡,且會隨後留下一個比起其它語音來是比較低位準的聲調。在班巴拉语裡有這樣一個例子。在這種語言裡,定冠詞是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。而名詞是獨立出現,且連接上一個母音,在將一個高聲調轉成下降聲調時語義變化如例所示:[bá](「河流」)對比於[bâ](「這條河流」)。然而,當音位降階現象出現在兩個高聲調之間,它會降低接下來的聲調,語義變化如例所示:[bá tɛ́](「它不是一條河流」)、[báꜜtɛ́](「它不是所指的河流」)等。

日語

日語的音調重音也有類似降阶的表现。以读作「かき」(kaki) 的詞為例,不符加助词的情况如下:

日文 牡蠣
音位 /kaꜜki/ /kakiꜜ/ /kaki/
音值 [kákì] [kàkí]

然而,當後面接表示主語的格助詞」(ga) 時,三個詞发音均不相同:

日文 牡蠣が 垣が 柿が
音位 /kaꜜki-ga/ /kakiꜜ-ga/ /kaki-ga/
音值 [kákì-gà] [kàkí-] [kàkí-]

參見

參考文獻

  • Beckman Mary E. & Janet B. Pierrehumbert, (1986). "Intonational Structure in English and Japanese". Phonology Yearbook 3, 255-309.
  • Connell, Bruce (2001) "Downdrift, Downstep, and Declination". Typology of African Prosodic Systems Workshop, Bielefeld University, Germany
  • Crystal, David (2003). A dictionary of linguistics & phonetics. Wiley-Blackwell, pg. 130.
  • Myers, Scott (1996). "Boundary tones and the phonetic implementation of tone in Chichewa", Studies in African Linguistics 25, 29-60.
  • Pierrehumbert, Janet B. (1980) "The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation" Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Welmers, William E. (1974). African Language Structures. University of California Press.
  • Yip, Moira (2002). Tone. Cambridge University Press.
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音位降階
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