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非互補歐拉商數

非互補歐拉商數noncototient)是指一個正整數n,不存在任一個整數m使下式成立:

其中表示歐拉函數(totient function),是小於m的正整數中和m互質整數的個數。稱為m的互補歐拉商數(cototient)(OEIS數列A051953)。例如小於6的正整數中,和6互質的只有一個數字5,因此6的歐拉函數為1,而互補歐拉商數為6-1=5。

而非互補歐拉商數就是指不在互補歐拉商數值域內的整數,若正整數n是非互補歐拉商數,表示所有整數m的互補歐拉商數都不等於n

頭幾個非互補歐拉商數是:

10, 26, 34, 50, 52, 58, 86, 100, 116, 122, 130, 134, 146, 154, 170, 172, 186, 202, 206, 218, 222, 232, 244, 260, 266, 268, 274, 290, 292, 298, 310, 326, 340, 344, 346, 362, 366, 372, 386, 394, 404, 412, 436, 466, 470, 474, 482, 490, 518, 520 (OEIS數列A005278)。

另外,n的互補歐拉商數是

0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 4, 3, 6, 1, 8, 1, 8, 7, 8, 1, 12, 1, 12, 9, 12, 1, 16, 5, 14, 9, 16, 1, 22, 1, 16, 13, 18, 11, 24, 1, 20, 15, 24, 1, 30, 1, 24, 21, 24, 1, 32, 7, 30, 19, 28, 1, 36, 15, 32, 21, 30, 1, 44, 1, 32, 27, 32, 17, 46, 1, 36, 25, 46, 1, 48, ... (OEIS數列A051953

目前已知的非互補歐拉商數均為偶數,因此猜想所有的非互補歐拉商數均為偶數,猜想中有用到有經過修改的哥德巴赫猜想:若偶數n可以表示為二個相異質數pq的和,則

依照哥德巴赫猜想,所有大於6的偶數都可以表示為二個相異質數pq的和,此偶數減1所得的奇數就是pq的互補歐拉商數,因此很可能所有大於5的奇數都是互補歐拉商數,而未考慮到的奇數有1,3,5,而, ,這些數也都是互補歐拉商數,因此很可能所有的非互補歐拉商數均為偶數。

Erdős和Sierpinski曾猜想存在有無限多個非互補歐拉商數,後來Browkin和Schinzel在1995年證實此一猜想,他們證明無窮數列的每一項都是非互補歐拉商數,Flammenkamp和Luca在2000年提出了其他形式大致接近的範例。

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非互補歐拉商數
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