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电离

电中性原子的電離能

电离(英語:Ionization),或称游离电离作用離子化,是指在(化學性的)能量作用下,原子分子水溶液中或熔融状态下产生自由离子的过程。

電離大致可細分為兩種類型:一種連續電離(sequential ionization)和非連續電離(nonsequential ionization)。在古典物理學中,只有連續電離可以發生。非連續電離則違反了若干物理定律,屬於量子電離。

例如:

  • 在水溶液中,由于水分子的作用,HCl全部解離成H+和Cl,因此被定義為強酸
  • 在水溶液中,由于水分子的作用,CH3COOH部分离解成H+和CH3COO,因此被定義為弱酸
  • 在光照或高能射線輻射下,气態原子、分子失去电子變成離子

古典電離

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只適用於古典物理和波耳模型,使原子和分子電離完全確定性,即每一個問題,始終有一個明確的和可計算的答案。

电离理论的提出

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电离理论是1884年时由瑞典化学家S.A.阿伦尼乌斯提出的,因此也称为阿伦尼乌斯电离理论,又称为酸碱电离论。阿伦尼乌斯提出电解质会在溶液中自动的离解成正、负离子的理论。

参阅

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物質的相變
basic 轉變為
固態 液態 氣態 電漿態
固態 熔化 昇華
液態 凝固 汽化
氣態 凝華 液化 电离
電漿態 等离子体重组
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电离
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