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酮酸

丙酮酸(上),乙酰乙酸(中),乙酰丙酸(下)

酮酸(英語:Keto acid)是一类在生物体内拥有重要作用的有机酸,在氨基酸新陈代谢和维持氧化还原状态的过程中它起一个中心作用。酮酸分两种:

  • α-酮酸含有氨基酸的碳结构骨架。
  • β-酮酸是高能量的(不稳定的)代謝物,它可以失去羧基同时释放能量促进其它反应进行(脱羧)。

α-酮酸

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α-酮酸是两个羰基直接相邻的酮酸,丙酮酸是最简单的α-酮酸。丙酮酸可以随酒精发酵的过程中分解为乙醇二氧化碳。在酶的作用下也可以分解为乙酰辅酶A和二氧化硫。三羧酸循环中有一个类似的反应。

在实验室里使用硫酸可以瓦解-CO-COOH上比较弱的C-C键,丙酮酸比如可以在这个反应中被分解成一氧化碳醋酸

另一个典型的反应是转氨基反应,在这个反应中一个α-酮酸获得一个氨基,同时一个穀氨酸失去一个氨基,而不释放。通过这个反应丙酮酸可以转化为丙氨酸草酰乙酸(它同时是一个α-酮酸和β-酮酸)转化为天冬氨酸α-酮戊二酸转化为穀氨酸。

β-酮酸

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β-酮酸的两个羧基之间还隔着一个碳原子。乙醯乙酸是最簡單的β-酮酸。β-酮酸非常不稳定,它会自动脱羧,在细胞中这个过程通过催化剂作用发生。比如在糖异生过程中草酰乙酸的脱羧:

α-酮酸和β-酮酸

外部連接

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酮酸
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